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In Memory Of The 120Th Anniversary Of Qian Zhiguang'S Birth, The Founder Of New China'S Textile Industry

2020/11/18 21:21:00 0

Qian ZhiguangFounder Of Textile Industry

32 years of hard work

Successfully solve the clothing problem in a large population

On October 19, 1949, the Committee of the Central People's government held its third meeting and appointed responsible persons of various government ministries and commissions. Zhang Zhiqiu, Vice Minister of the Ministry of Finance and former chairman of the East China Textile Industry Committee, served as vice minister of the Ministry of finance.

On November 1, the Ministry of textile industry officially began to work. At that time, Minister Zeng Shan presided over the work of the East China Finance Committee in Shanghai, and the work of the Ministry of textile industry was actually presided over by Qian Zhiguang. On August 7, 1952, the 17th meeting of the Central People's government committee appointed Jiang guangnai (who was the commander-in-chief of the 19th Route Army of the National Revolutionary Army, a famous Anti Japanese general and patriotic general) as Minister of the Ministry of textile industry of the Central People's government, and removed Zeng Shan from his post as minister. Qian Zhiguang is still Vice Minister of the Ministry of textile industry. In the same year, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China appointed Qian Zhiguang as secretary of the Party group of the Ministry of textile industry of the Communist Party of China (Qian Zhiguang was vice minister and Deputy Secretary of the Party group when Zeng Shan was the Secretary of the Party group of the minister), and presided over the overall work. He worked closely with the party's foreign ministers and vice ministers to work together for the development of the textile industry. Since then, Qian Zhiguang served as the minister and Secretary of the Party group of the Ministry of textile industry and light industry until he was appointed as the consultant of the State Council in March 1981. In the past 32 years, Qian Zhiguang has been working hard and self reliant with his farsighted, realistic and pragmatic spirit. He has given full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the broad masses of workers and successfully solved the clothing problem of a country with a population of more than 1 billion in one generation.

The period of national economic recovery (1949-1952)

From the history of world industrial development, textile industry has always been called "mother industry". It not only shoulders the heavy responsibility of "clothing and clothing under the world", but also provides reliable capital accumulation for the realization of national industrialization. The industrialization of the developed countries in the world started with the development of textile industry. The same is true of China's economic development. In the early days of the founding of the people's Republic of China, the output value of textile industry accounted for 35% of the national industrial output value, and the wearing goods accounted for 20% of the total retail sales of consumer goods. It was the largest industrial sector in modern China's industry and an important industrial sector in the national economy.

When the whole country was liberated, due to the long-term corrupt rule of the Kuomintang, the industrial and agricultural production was in decline, the national economy collapsed, prices soared, and the people were in dire straits. In 1949, industrial and agricultural production fell into a historical low. Compared with the highest annual production in 1949, coal was reduced by more than half, iron and steel were reduced by 80%, and industrial production was reduced by nearly half on average.

Taking the textile industry as an example, the national cotton production in 1949 was only 8.9 million tons (445000 tons), which was only 52.4% of the highest annual output of 17 million tons (850000 tons) in 1936. The cotton yarn production dropped to 1.803 million pieces (each yarn weighed 181.44kg, with a total weight of 327000 tons), which was only 73.7% of the highest annual output of 2447000 pieces (444000 tons) in 1933, and the cotton production dropped to 1.89 billion meters, only 68% of the highest annual output of 2.78 billion meters in 1936. Among the 500 million people in China, the average consumption of cotton cloth per capita in cities is only a little more than 7 municipal feet (2.33 meters) and that in rural areas is only about 5 meters (1.67 meters). Due to the reduction of production of gauze and the agitation of speculative capital, the prices of gauze in urban and rural markets have soared, seriously affecting people's lives and social stability.

Because China's textile industry developed in a semi feudal and semi colonial environment for a long time, it was oppressed by reactionary forces at home and abroad, and had a profound brand of semi feudal and semi colonial.

1. Foreign capital and bureaucratic capital are dominant. Of the 5 million cotton spindles in China, bureaucratic capital accounted for nearly 40%, and most of them were Japanese enterprises received from Japan, the defeated country. National capital has always been in the position of being excluded and suppressed.

2. Almost all the main production equipment is imported from abroad, and even the main machine parts are also supplied from abroad.

3. Serious shortage of textile materials. China had good natural conditions for the production of cotton, wool, hemp, cocoon and other textile raw materials. However, due to the war, the vast rural areas were in bankruptcy, and the production of textile raw materials was greatly reduced, and China had to rely on foreign imports for a long time.

4. Textile enterprises are mainly concentrated in a few coastal cities, far away from the vast raw material producing areas and consumer markets. In Shanghai alone, 47% of cotton spinning equipment and 73.5% of wool spinning equipment in old China were concentrated.

5. Old equipment, backward technology, poor working conditions and low production efficiency.

With the founding of new China, people all over the country are looking forward to building a devastated motherland into a prosperous socialist country under the leadership of the Communist Party of China.

Mao Zedong put forward in 1950: three years five years of recovery, ten years and eight years of development. In February 1951, he further demanded that the preparatory work should be carried out in three years, and that the ten-year construction should be started in 1953.

Qian Zhiguang was appointed to preside over the recovery and development of new China's textile industry. It is conceivable that his task is great and the work is arduous. With the great trust of the Party Central Committee and the people of the whole country, his primary mission is to quickly restore such an important industrial sector related to the national economy and people's livelihood in a relatively short period of time and create necessary conditions for future development.

According to the classification of various types of economy at that time, the national textile industry enterprises were divided into five categories: state-owned, local state-owned, central public-private joint venture, local public-private joint venture and private-owned. The Central People's government stipulates the functions of the Ministry of textile industry. First, it should directly manage state-owned and central public-private joint ventures in the textile industry. These enterprises were transformed from the bureaucratic capital textile enterprises which were taken over by various localities at the time of liberation, among which the former China Textile Construction Corporation was the largest. The company has 85 factories in Shanghai, Tianjin, Qingdao and Liaoning, among which 38 are cotton mills, with a total of 1.778 million spindles, accounting for 35.6% of the national cotton spindles; the rest are wool, hemp, silk textile, knitting, printing and dyeing, textile machinery, textile equipment, etc., most of which are large and medium-sized backbone enterprises. Local state-owned enterprises, local public-private joint ventures and a large number of private textile enterprises are under the specific leadership and management of relevant provinces and cities. Second, it is necessary to make overall planning for the national textile industry, and to lead the country in terms of principles, policies and technology.

After the establishment of the Ministry, Qian Zhiguang, in accordance with the requirements of Premier Zhou Enlai to the ministries and commissions of the Government Council, held national professional meetings of various textile industries. The purpose was to understand the actual situation of various industries, and to determine the working principles and tasks for the coming period. Since March 1950, the national public Textile Conference (March 2-22, 1950), the public textile machinery factory meeting (March 2-22, 1950), the national wool and hemp textile Conference (June 1-9, 1950), and the national reproduction printing and dyeing Conference (July 18-29, 1950) were successively held. Prior to this, the Ministry of trade held the National Silk Conference on November 17, 1949, and on January 12, 1950, the Chinese silk company affiliated to the Ministry of trade was approved to be under the leadership of the Ministry of textile industry. Some of these professional meetings were personally presided over by Qian Zhiguang and summarized, and state leading comrades were invited to speak at the meetings; some were entrusted to other vice ministers or leaders of relevant departments and bureaus. In this way, we should carry out the requirements of the party and the state for the recovery and development of the national economy. At the same time, we should understand the situation, investigate and study, listen to opinions, and pool the wisdom of all parties to formulate policies and measures for the recovery and development of production.

Qian Zhiguang pointed out in the summary of the national public textile conference that the general policy of the national textile industry in 1950 was: to restore and improve production on the existing basis according to the state finance and the supply of raw materials; to thoroughly reform the old enterprises, rectify and eliminate the chaotic state inside the enterprises and the reactionary and decadent management system that oppresses workers, and implement democratic management To further mobilize the enthusiasm of the masses of workers; in accordance with the requirements of enterprise management, establish the responsibility system of operation and management and the system of economic standard verification in state-owned enterprises, so as to accumulate funds for the country and develop steadily.

Vice president Zhu's speech will be of great significance to the economic development of the whole central government. Textile industry is essential for people's daily life. Many of us have no clothes to wear today, especially in the countryside. Therefore, although we already have 5.17 million spindles and nearly 400000 workers, and the scale is already very large, it is still far from the actual needs. That is to say, the textile industry has a broad prospect of development, and it is possible and necessary to develop. " "If we don't have enough heavy industry, we have a light industry with a large scale. This is an abnormal development. In the past, most of China's textile industry was run by imperialists and bureaucratic capitalists. As a tool for them to rule and exploit the people, it is now in the hands of the people. This not only needs to be able to solve the problem of clothing, but also to accumulate capital to help the development of heavy industry, so as to lay a solid foundation for the development of light industry. This is the political and economic work for the comrades of the textile industry to build a new China You must take on the task. " "In the past year, the textile industry has made great achievements. First, it has recovered rapidly, and second, it has made improvements, which have reduced costs, improved quality, increased output and reduced corruption and waste." There are still many difficulties in the textile industry, such as the shortage of raw cotton, the enemy's bombing and blockade, and the poor market of textiles. These are only temporary difficulties. However, in front of the Communist Party and the working class, there are no difficulties that cannot be overcome. We should have confidence. "In the future, in addition to the establishment of a new cotton textile industry, we must also develop wool, hemp, silk and other industries." "The textile industry should develop to the inland, to the raw material producing areas, and to serve the countryside. This is the key to changing our colonial industry into the people's industry. These correct principles must be adhered to and carried out. " "The democratic management must be carried out in the factory, so as to give full play to the enthusiasm of the workers in production, and truly realize the general consciousness of saving, preventing waste, reducing costs, improving quality, increasing production and doing a good job in production."

At the same time, Zhu De also called on textile workers to work hard, accumulate funds and gradually embark on the road of self-reliance.

After that, Qian Zhiguang put forward three production policies for the wool textile industry in view of the difficulties in raw material supply and product sales in the national wool and hemp textile conference: (1) take the policy of maintaining as much as possible, and help those with complete equipment and high technology to maintain it; (2) production should be shifted, and industrial use and finished products should be popularized; (3) competition It is difficult to take out the mouth, but the government tries its best to help. For the sack industry, there are both raw materials and markets, and the original equipment is not enough, so it can be developed in a planned way. Attention should be paid to flax and ramie.

The conference held that the production capacity of the printing and dyeing industry greatly exceeded the supply of raw materials and market demand, which existed long before liberation. At present, the printing and dyeing reproduction industry can only maintain the status quo.

The National Silk conference held that at present, the production of domestic silk is mainly restored; tussah silk is exported smoothly and the production cost is low, so it should be vigorously restored and developed. In terms of export policy, raw silk is the main raw silk and silk is the auxiliary; tussah silk is mainly silk with silk as the auxiliary.

According to the national textile machinery conference, the basic task of textile machinery manufacturing industry is: to carry out the division of labor for repairing textile machinery parts on the existing basis, gradually improve the manufacturing of textile parts in various factories, and take the supply of textile machine accessories required by various regions as the primary task, and prepare the general plan for the complete set production of textile machinery.

Through various professional meetings, although the guidelines and directions for the textile industry to resume production were pointed out, Qian Zhiguang and other leading comrades of the Ministry of textile industry realized that there were still many related problems to be solved urgently in the implementation process. The most urgent problem is to solve the supply of raw materials (mainly cotton). If raw materials are not fully supplied, there will be no full recovery of production. Secondly, we should thoroughly reform the old enterprises, start with democratic reform and improvement of production and labor conditions, and further mobilize the enthusiasm of the majority of workers as masters of the country, so that the majority of workers can actively participate in the recovery and development of production.

First of all, we should pay attention to the recovery of cotton production

Before liberation, the textile industry mainly relied on imported cotton to maintain production. After liberation, in the face of imperialist economic blockade, the supply of cotton became the primary problem in textile production. In late July 1949, due to the difficulty in cotton supply, the factories affiliated to Shanghai Zhongfang company had to reduce the production shifts from five days a week in June to four days a week. In August, Qian Zhiguang went with Chen Yun to Shanghai to attend the national financial and economic conference held by the China finance and Economic Commission. At that time, speculative capital snapped up "two white and one black" (referring to grain, gauze and coal), and there were four national price rises. Textile is not only the main material for military supplies and civilian use, but also an important chip to adjust the market. At this meeting, the finance and Economics Commission of the people's Republic of China adopted a series of important measures to stabilize prices and stabilize the economy. On August 8, Chen Yun pointed out at the meeting that "the state has enough grain and gauze, which is an important means to stabilize the market and control prices." "Textile production should be resumed and cotton purchasing should be arranged. Over the past few months, the production of the mill has been able to maintain the status quo. It is good to start work three or four days a week The meeting arranged the cotton purchase plan. Chen Yun demanded, "a total of 4.8 million tons are planned to be purchased. If this amount can be obtained, the situation of textile mills starting next year will not be worse than that of this year." the burden of organizing the purchase of cotton is very heavy. As long as we work together, we can do it well. " On August 15, Chen Yun put forward in the summary of the financial and economic meeting that a gauze company directly led by the central financial and Economic Committee should be established to supply cotton uniformly and purchase gauze, so that the production of public and private textile enterprises can be maintained through reasonable distribution of limited raw cotton, and the main commodities can be controlled by state-owned trade departments, so as to fight against speculative capital. Chen Yun also pointed out: "although it is difficult to maintain the existing production, there are still conditions to maintain it. It is conceivable that the existing spindles should be given a 15% discount (this is normal), and then a 20% discount will be given, that is, five days and five nights a week. The extent to which the cotton can be maintained is still uncertain today. We have to wait until the cotton comes down. " "North China, East China and central China should ensure the completion of cotton purchasing plan." Qian attended the Shanghai Textile Industry Conference directly with Qian Zhiguang. Zhu Hua, who was the deputy general manager of Shanghai flower gauze company at that time (formerly the military representative of Shanghai Mansion), was recommended by Qian Zhiguang and appointed with the consent of Shanghai military control commission.

Shortly after Qian Zhiguang returned to Peking from Shanghai, he was authorized by the central finance and Finance Commission to preside over the National Cotton Conference in Beiping. This is another strategic measure taken by the central finance and Finance Commission to restore textile production, stabilize the economy and stabilize the market. For Qian Zhiguang, he has made an indissoluble bond with the textile industry.

The meeting will be held from September 22 to September 29. Qian Zhiguang pointed out in the summary of the meeting that "the textile industry accounts for the largest proportion of China's light industry. In the past, a part of raw cotton relied on the supply of imperialist countries, and domestic cotton failed to meet the needs of rapid development. At present, the main cotton producing areas and textile industry centers have been liberated. In order to change the colonial nature of the textile industry, maintain and resume textile production, promote the development of the people's economy, and maintain and improve the lives of the majority of textile workers, the solution to the problem of raw cotton supply this year is not only a simple procurement problem, but also a matter related to the national economy and people's livelihood Work of governance significance. "

Qian Zhiguang said: "based on the above understanding and the decision of the Shanghai meeting held in August this year, the central financial and Economic Committee will further study and solve the problems of raw cotton purchase and supply this year, raw cotton processing, inspection and classification, expanding cotton fields and improving varieties next year, and adjusting finished products to promote material exchange between urban and rural areas."

At this meeting, a unified arrangement was made for the purchase and distribution of cotton throughout the country in 1950. Finally, the proposal was put forward, and the decision was made by the finance and Economics Commission of the people's Republic of China that the cotton field should be expanded to 54 million mu in 1950 and 56.79 million mu in reality, an increase of 36.7% over 1949. The meeting also decided that in order to take into account the interests of cotton farmers, appropriately raise cotton prices and determine the price ratio of cotton and grain in different regions, improve cotton varieties and establish cotton Inspection Institute. In April 1950, the central finance and Finance Commission decided to set up a fiber inspection institute in the Ministry of textile industry to uniformly manage cotton inspection. The cotton inspection standards are jointly formulated by the Ministry of textile, the Ministry of trade and the Ministry of agriculture. At the same time, it also decided to import fine varieties such as Si Mian 5a, Si Zi Mian 2B, Dai Zi Mian 15, Ke Zi Mian 100, etc., and comprehensively replace old cotton varieties such as Zhongmian and xiaoyanghua.

All provinces and cities concerned will actively implement the spirit of the conference. From November 12 to 22, the Ministry of textile industry of East China held the first East China Textile Conference in Shanghai to determine the implementation of planned production and expand the planting area of cotton fields, so as to achieve self-sufficiency of raw cotton within one or two years. Minister Zeng Shan and Vice Minister Qian Zhiguang of the Ministry of textile industry attended the meeting and gave instructions.

In the middle of October of this year, prices rose again across the country, with gauze bearing the brunt. In this regard, the central finance and Finance Commission has made an overall decision to sell gauze at the same time in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Wuhan, Xi'an and other major cities in late November, using economic means to control the market and severely crack down on speculative capital. At the beginning of November, when Qian Zhiguang was setting up the Ministry of textile industry, he accepted the entrustment of the China finance and Finance Commission and successively went to Shanghai and Hankou to flexibly dispatch the gauze stocks in the two places, so as to implement the decision of the central finance and Finance Commission. After finding out the production, stock and market situation of gauze in Shanghai, he decided to transfer part of the yarn stock in Shanghai to Wuhan and personally escort the car. At that time, there were no berths, no tea or food on the truck, and the journey was very tiring. When the gauze arrived in Wuhan, Liu Yiqing and Zeng Chuanliu of the Central South District Finance Committee were very happy to see that the warehouse was full of gauze. This batch of gauze to ensure that the Wuhan market on time to sell, thereby stabilizing prices. During his trip to Shanghai and Wuhan, he also urged central China cotton to be transported to the East according to Chen Yun's instructions, so as to ensure that Shanghai textile enterprises can start production.

In 1950, the cotton harvest reached 14 million tons, 156% of 1949's; by 1952, the cotton output had reached 26.07 million tons, thus alleviating the shortage of raw materials for the textile industry in the early period of liberation.

On June 18, 1951, Chen Yun, Li Fuchun and Bo Yibo, vice directors of the central finance and Finance Commission, sent a telegram of "two months to increase production of gauze by surprise" to all provinces, cities, districts and ministries and commissions. They pointed out that the shortage of raw cotton had affected the shutdown and production reduction, resulting in a weak base of gauze. With the bumper harvest of the whole country, the purchasing power of the people has been continuously improved, and the demand for gauze has increased sharply, It is planned that, from November, all state-owned and public-owned textile mills will increase production by surprise for two months to meet the demand.

The Ministry of Finance and economics of the people's Republic of China, namely, the Ministry of Finance and economics of the people's Republic of China, organized the textile industry to increase production. By the end of November, all localities moved quickly and exceeded the amount of production increase stipulated by the state. To this end, the state commended and awarded textile workers, and built the first textile workers sanatorium in Qingdao. Qian Zhiguang and Chen Shaomin, chairman of the national textile trade union, personally cut the ribbon for the construction of the sanatorium.

The abundance and shortage of cotton production is directly related to the increase or decrease of textile production. Qian Zhiguang arranges the production of textile industry, the balance that considers cotton above all. Leading comrades of the Party Central Committee and the State Council, including Premier Zhou Enlai, have been engaged in cotton production almost every year during the three-year difficult period and the "Cultural Revolution" to ensure the healthy development of the textile industry.

Second, democratic reform should be carried out in the original enterprises

After liberation, the working class turned to be the master of the country, but there were still unreasonable oppression of workers and feudal oppression system that damaged human dignity in the old enterprises that they took over, which seriously restricted the workers' enthusiasm for production.

According to Qian Zhiguang's plan to implement democratic management at the meeting of factory directors of public textile mills in March 1950, the system of body searching was abolished in all state-owned textile enterprises in April 1950 (Shanghai first announced the abolition of body searching system at the founding meeting of the trade union of Shanghai No. 10 cotton textile mill on November 1, 1949, and all cotton mills subsequently abolished it one after another). In November 1950, all private factories in Shanghai abolished the body searching system.

From March 20 to April 10, 1951, the Ministry of textile industry held an executive meeting of the national state-owned textile mills, which was attended by representatives from the party, government and workers. The meeting decided that: (1) the unreasonable system of oppressing workers and the "namovan" system should be abolished. The "namovan" is a homonym of number one in English, which means "No.1". It is also the nickname of Foremen in old Chinese factories. At first, it was only used in foreign-funded mills, and later, it was also used by Chinese cotton mills. Some factories are called "tangxin" and silk factories are called "standby cars". In the textile mills of old China, there was a "namovan" in every workshop.

"Namovan" does not participate in labor, but specially monitors and manages the work of workers. They can expel and punish workers and beat and scold them at will. When workers enter the factory, celebrate New Year's festivals, and celebrate the wedding and funeral of the "namovan" family, the workers have to give gifts to "namovan". Some "namowan" still get kickbacks from workers' wages, take advantage of the workers' danger to make usury, and even abuse and rape female workers. After the founding of new China, in 1951, in combination with the democratic reform movement, the "namovan" system was completely abolished. (2) The saboteurs who continue to do evil in the factory should be cleaned immediately. (3) Those who oppress the workers severely and hate them very much for the majority of them should be dismissed if their work style has not changed. (4) For those who oppressed workers in the past and have changed their style of work and are still very dissatisfied with them, they should be made to apologize to the workers or transfer their positions. (5) Those who have no skills but occupy high positions and receive high salaries should be removed from their jobs. After the meeting, in order to resolutely abolish the "namovan" system, the state-owned textile mills in various places, in accordance with the policy decided by the Executive Council, focused on education, and made different treatment for "namovan" according to different situations. After the abolition of the "namovan" system, the production team leaders were democratically elected. The factory administrative organization implemented the three-level leadership system of factory director, workshop director and production team leader, and formulated the production responsibility system at all levels and the post responsibility system of workers. This change is an extremely important step for the production reform of various factories.

On January 19, 1951, Qian Zhiguang, on behalf of the Ministry of textile industry, delivered a report on the summary of the work of the Ministry of textile industry in 1950 and its work policy and tasks in 1951 at the 68th government affairs meeting of the Government Council. He pointed out that in the past year, preliminary democratic reform had been carried out in textile enterprises, and most textile mills had abolished the relevant systems that were detrimental to the dignity of workers. Through these works, the initiative of the majority of workers and staff members has been greatly mobilized, and the production and management has gradually stepped onto the socialist track.

Third, improve the working conditions and the welfare of employees

In view of the poor production and working conditions of textile mills, which affect the personal safety and health of workers, the Ministry of textile industry held a special meeting of auxiliary equipment from February 16 to March 9, 1951, to study the improvement of working conditions of textile workers in China and improve production efficiency. The meeting exchanged various experiences of reducing workshop temperature and required all localities to complete the work of improving air conditioning equipment in mid June. After the meeting, most state-owned enterprises added ventilation and cooling equipment, increased safety protection devices, and built welfare facilities such as staff dormitory, hospital, nursery and nursing room. On December 18, 1952, the Ministry of textile industry issued an instruction again, stipulating that the maximum temperature in the workshop should be 2-6 degrees Fahrenheit lower than that in 1951, and asked all localities to do a good job in basically solving the problem of high temperature in the next two or three years.

In May 1953, the Ministry of textile industry and the national textile trade union jointly held the national textile industry labor protection work conference, implemented the principle of safety production and prevention first, proposed to establish a safety and health responsibility system in enterprises, improve mechanical equipment and safety protection devices, improve ventilation and cooling, establish a health care network, and establish a full-time labor protection organization. Workers call the workshop, which used to be hot and stuffy, now "spring in the workshop" and "the second liberation".

At the same time, wage reform was carried out. On October 10, 1951, the Ministry of textile industry announced the adjustment plan for the wage system of cotton textile weavers. Time workers are required to implement the eight grade wage system; piecework workers abolish retirement and implement the unlimited piecework wage system.

In 1952, after the Government Affairs Council of the Central People's government promulgated the decision on labor and employment, Qingdao Textile Administration Bureau gradually changed the three shift eight hour system to solve the problem of labor surplus in cotton mills. It was successful and successful because of sufficient preparation in advance, relying on the masses, close cooperation between the party, government and the league, steady and prudent. On September 12, 1952, the Party group of the Ministry of textile industry of the Communist Party of China reported to Chairman Mao, the Party committee of the Party Central Committee, the Party group of the government yuan and the Party group of the central finance committee. On September 17, the CPC Central Committee approved the report. Since then, the state-owned textile mills have generally changed from two shifts a day, 10-12 hours per shift, to three shifts and eight hours per shift. Private textile mills also completed this reform in 1953. At that time, it became a good way for textile workers to work eight hours a day, reduce the labor intensity of the textile industry, and increase the labor intensity of the city.

Through these works, the enthusiasm and labor enthusiasm of the majority of workers have been greatly mobilized, and they have devoted themselves to the recovery of textile industry.

Fourth, various measures should be taken to restore production

In order to promote the recovery of textile industry production, Qian Zhiguang paid special attention to the production of textile machinery accessories to ensure the normal operation of production equipment. The first is not to focus on the development of raw materials; the second is to focus on the development of textile industry. Following the National Conference of public textile machinery factories held in March 1950, on September 7, 1950, the Ministry of textile industry issued the notice to clarify the production policy of textile machinery and the regulations on the repair and manufacture of accessories in local textile mills, stipulating that the primary task of textile machinery factories is to supply textile machinery accessories in various regions; at the same time, the competent departments of textile industry are required to organize the repair capacity attached to textile mills To ensure the normal production of textile mills.

Another important measure to restore and improve production is to increase productivity. Therefore, the labor competition of increasing production and saving has been carried out in the whole industry, and advanced experience has been summarized and popularized in the competition. In April 1951, under the organization of the Ministry of textile industry and the national textile trade union, textile workers in Qingdao, Tianjin and northeast signed the patriotic labor competition contract. Under their promotion, the patriotic labor competition of textile workers in China has been vigorously carried out, the production efficiency has been greatly improved, and a large number of advanced figures have emerged in the competition. They have made great efforts to study the technology and improve the operation methods, thus creating many new records. In August 1951, the Ministry of textile industry and the national textile trade union organized forces to sum up the experience of Hao Jianxiu, a female worker in Qingdao No.6 national cotton mill, on the working method of spinning block, which was named Hao Jianxiu work law. In September of the same year, the national textile trade union held a study class in Qingdao to promote the "Hao Jianxiu work law"; in October, the Ministry of textile industry officially issued the "instruction on the universal development of Hao Jianxiu's work law". This is the first time since the founding of new China that the advanced operation technology named after ordinary workers has been promoted by the central ministries and commissions nationwide. Since then, the Ministry of textile industry and the national textile trade union jointly summed up the "May 1" weaving work law and the "May 3" preservation work law, which promoted the development of the operation technology of the national textile industry and ensured the improvement of the output, quality and labor productivity of textile products. On October 18, 1952, the Ministry of textile industry issued the instruction on consolidating advanced experience, requiring all textile industry bureaus and textile mills to set up a group to popularize advanced experience, to carry out a supplementary course popularizing advanced experience, and to work out a feasible and necessary system, so that this work can be carried out in depth and generally.

Fifth, help private enterprises get rid of difficulties

While resuming the production of public textile enterprises, there is an urgent need to help the national capital enterprises, which account for 67% of the textile industry, to get rid of their difficulties. Since 1950, the state has changed the original contact information of "temporary purchase and change to" processing and ordering "to private enterprises. In May 1950, Chen Yun, vice premier of the Government Council and director of the central financial and Economic Commission, pointed out to the Ministry of textile industry that "gauze is still the weakness of our materials. We decided to purchase more cotton from home and abroad, expand the number of cotton spinning agents entrusted to Shanghai private cotton mills, and strive to increase the strength of gauze in the short term." He also pointed out that "in East China, the most important thing is the textile industry. In order to maintain production, the state should allocate raw materials and private factories should process them." At that time, the purpose of "processing and ordering" was not only to stabilize prices and increase the strength of gauze to control the market, but also to help private enterprises get rid of the difficulties of capital and raw materials and bring production into normal track. This is an important step for the transformation of private enterprises.

The implementation of "reasonable demand for processing". The original practice of "changing yarn with flowers" means that the state distributes raw cotton to private enterprises at a price lower than the cost, so as to solve the problem of raw materials for private factories; after the implementation of "processing and ordering", it will be changed to the state. In addition to allocating raw cotton according to the actual quantity of raw materials required for each piece of yarn, the payment of labor fees (including profits) and taxes shall be changed to cash. The determination of the standard of labor payment fee is not only a specific business calculation problem, but also has a strong policy significance for the correct use of the enthusiasm of private enterprises and the handling of public-private relations. Chen Yun, director of the China finance and Economic Commission, personally designated the task to be handled by Qian Zhiguang. After Qian was appointed, he studied and discussed this issue with representatives of private enterprises. He first mastered the first-hand materials such as cotton yarn production cost, general profit and tax through investigation; at the same time, he repeatedly pushed forward the basic policy spirit of "reasonable profit of processing and ordering is generally calculated according to the medium standard of normal and reasonable operation", so as to have a clear idea of the reasonable payment level of cotton yarn. After consultation and discussion with the representatives of national capital textile enterprises in several regions, we all agreed with Qian Zhiguang's opinion that it is in line with the reality, can take into account the interests of private enterprises, and can encourage them to operate actively, which fully reflects the state's policy of balancing public and private enterprises.

At that time, the capitalists of Shanghai's private textile enterprises did not look up to the Communist Party. Chen Yun asked for the light of money to deal with the implementation of "processing and ordering" for private textile factories to formulate the standard of labor payment. How to calculate the labor payment? How much? There is a lot of controversy. Under the leadership of Chen Yun, it was a confrontation between the leaders of the Ministry of textile industry and Shanghai textile capitalists. Qian Zhiguang's calculation is both accurate and thoughtful; it reflects the policy and properly takes into account the interests of capitalists. This convinced the boss of Shanghai textile industry. Liu Jingji, the boss of Shanghai anda factory, who later served as vice chairman of the Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Chinese people's Political Consultative Conference and vice chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese people's Political Consultative Conference, praised Qian Zhiguang as an "iron abacus".

After the implementation of this policy, in July 1950, 90% of the total number of private textile enterprises in Shanghai implemented "processing and ordering" for textile and weaving. Through the management and accounting of the price of goods paid, these enterprises have improved their operation and management while developing production normally. By 1952, the equipment utilization rate of private enterprises had reached more than 80%, and cotton yarn production had increased by 50% compared with 1949. Since then, private enterprises have been gradually incorporated into the track of national plans and developed in the direction of socialism.

Under the direct leadership of the Party Central Committee and the Government Council, Qian Zhiguang led the vast staff and workers in the textile industry front. After more than two years' efforts, great changes have taken place in the appearance of the textile industry and the production of the textile industry has been fully restored. By 1952, when the three-year recovery period of the national economy ended, the output of the main products of the textile industry had exceeded the historical highest level before liberation. The cotton yarn production reached 3.62 million pieces, double the 1.8 million pieces in 1949, and the cotton production reached 3.8 billion meters, more than double that in 1949. The output of hemp and silk exceeded the highest level in history. The number of employees in the textile industry increased from 760000 in 1949 to 1 million; the total profits and taxes of textile enterprises owned by the whole people and independently accounted for increased from 99 million yuan in 1949 to 700 million yuan, an increase of more than six times. The market supply of textiles has also increased. In 1949, the per capita share of cotton cloth was only 3.49 meters; by 1952, with the increase of the national population, it increased to 6.66 meters. The production of textile enterprises all over the country has gone to normal and a more reasonable management order has been established. The management of textile enterprises is relatively solid, which is the foundation laid at this time.

Sixth, make preparations for large-scale construction

Qian Zhiguang carefully deployed and organized the recovery of the textile industry and achieved initial results, then turned his attention to the preparation for large-scale construction. On January 19, 1951, Qian Zhiguang made a report on the summary of the work of the Ministry of textile industry in 1950 and the working principles and tasks in 1951 at the 68th administrative conference of the Government Council, which was approved by the same meeting. The report puts forward the policy of the textile industry in 1951 as follows: increase production, improve management, focus on construction and prepare for development. Before that, on November 22, 1950, the Ministry of textile industry held a national cotton textile conference in Beijing, which decided that the cotton textile industry should implement this policy in 1951, and determined that the policy for the gunny bag industry in 1951 was to save costs, give full play to equipment efficiency, improve production, improve management and prepare for development. These meetings have raised the issue of steady development of key construction, with the purpose of guiding everyone to prepare for large-scale construction.

Qian Zhiguang stressed that we need to do a lot of preparatory work, but we must start from the basis of equipment and talents, and we should base ourselves on self-reliance, do it by ourselves, do not wait, do not rely on other departments. On January 15, 1955, a conference was held to discuss the urgent needs of the textile machinery industry, such as the establishment of a complete set of textile machinery and equipment. The modern Shanxi Jingwei Textile machinery factory also officially started construction in April 1951. Second, in order to prepare for large-scale construction, East China Institute of textile technology was formally established in July 1951. Third, in July 1951, the Ministry of textile industry officially established Xinmin engineering company to undertake the design and construction of some newly-built cotton mills. Fourth, in July 1952, the Ministry of textile industry set up the capital construction bureau, machinery manufacturing Bureau, labor and wage Bureau, and infrastructure design company to meet the needs of the development of the textile industry. The regional textile industry administration bureaus also successively set up capital construction departments. At the same time, taking the technical cadres of Xinmin engineering company as the group, the design company of Capital Construction Bureau was established, and four construction engineering companies directly under the Ministry of textile industry, namely, North China, Northwest China, East China and Central South China, were successively established. Fifthly, from December 15 to 23, 1952, the Ministry of textile industry held a meeting on the basic construction of textile industry. It summed up the experience in the construction of four cotton mills, Jingwei Textile Machinery Factory and Harbin flax textile factory (aided by the Soviet Union) since 1951. It emphasized that the capital construction work must be well prepared, with correct survey and design, strengthened construction management, and actively and planned training It is also necessary to speed up the cultivation of technical strength to meet the urgent needs of the new plant after its completion.

All these work created favorable conditions for the large-scale construction of textile industry during the first five year plan period.

The first five year plan period (1953-1957)

In 1953, after the successful recovery of the national economy, the state began large-scale economic construction. The textile industry has entered a period of great development.

In the autumn of this year, Chairman Mao Zedong presided over the meeting in Zhongnanhai, which was devoted to discussing the development of textile industry. Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, Lin Boqu and other central leading comrades attended the meeting. On behalf of the Party group of the Ministry of textile industry, Qian Zhiguang reported the basic situation of the textile industry and the opinions on the construction scale. Mao Zedong listened carefully. He agreed with the analysis put forward by Qian Zhiguang in the report, and believed that the development scale could be larger in the plan. "It's not 1.8 million, not 2.5 million, but 3 million," he said During the meeting, cotton supply was involved, so Deng Zihui, vice premier of the State Council in charge of rural work, was invited to study together. The meeting lasted from 7 p.m. until late at night. At this meeting, the decision of large-scale development of China's textile industry was determined in principle.

Subsequently, on August 10, the CPC Central Committee made a report on the current basic situation of the textile industry and the future work deployment. Qian Zhiguang said: "in the period of national economic recovery, the textile industry has completed the restoration and preliminary transformation of enterprises, and made some development in textile production. State owned enterprises have successively carried out democratic reforms, mobilized the masses of workers to carry out labor competitions, popularized advanced experience, and carried out reforms in the aspects of working hours and wages. The output and efficiency of labor production have increased year by year. " The guiding principles and tasks of the textile industry in the future are as follows:

First, on the basis of continuous improvement of enterprise management, technical level and equipment, we should give full play to the potential strength of existing enterprises, increase production, improve quality, and ensure people's living needs.

Second, according to the needs and possibilities, new factories should be built in a planned way in China's hinterland cotton producing areas, so as to expand the foundation of the mainland's textile industry.

Third, on the premise of ensuring the continuous growth of the proportion of socialist economy, we should correctly lead the private enterprises to develop into state capitalism, and gradually carry out socialist transformation, so as to play a positive role.

Within two months, on October 8, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued an instruction on the report of the Party group of the Ministry of textile industry on the basic situation of the textile industry and its future work deployment

(1) the Central Committee approved the report of the Party group of the Ministry of textile industry on the basic situation of the textile industry at present and the future work deployment. It is hoped that all enterprises affiliated to the Ministry of textile industry will carry out this policy. The original and the instructions of the Central Committee shall be forwarded to all central bureaus, sub bureaus, provincial and municipal Party committees and central departments for reference.

(2) the supply of textiles is a major event related to the life of the people in the whole country, as well as the relationship between the party and the government and the people, especially with the peasants. Therefore, under the policy of concentrating on the construction of heavy industry and continuing efforts to develop the productive potential of existing enterprises, attention should be paid to the proper development of textile industry as soon as possible. According to the needs of the people all over the country for cotton cloth and the opinions put forward by the Ministry of textile industry in the report, the central government believes that it is necessary for the textile industry system to strive for at least 3 million spindles (including the expansion of 500000 spindles) instead of 2.5 million spindles in five years, in addition to striving to develop the potential of existing enterprise equipment. Only in this way can we basically meet the people's needs for cotton. To this end, the central government has instructed the Party group of the Ministry of textile industry to seriously and practically study the five-year construction plan and the annual construction progress plan of the textile industry according to the instructions of the Central Committee, and submit them to the State Planning Commission for examination and approval. At the same time, the textile industry department should gradually strengthen the strength of capital construction, especially the technical strength, in order to adapt to the capital construction year by year In order to meet the needs of new enterprises to start production, it is necessary to train technicians and workers in existing enterprises in a planned way.

In addition, the Ministry of textile industry should calculate the quantity, variety and specification of raw materials (cotton and other cash crops) needed year by year with the increase of textile industry production force. The Ministry of Commerce and cooperatives should improve cotton purchasing and strengthen the control of private business. In addition to what is necessary, it is generally forbidden for private businessmen to purchase cotton. The Ministry of agriculture should earnestly study and put forward specific plans for increasing cotton production, and should focus on increasing the yield per unit area. In order to expand the unit yield of cotton field, the production of phosphate fertilizer should be increased, and the Ministry of heavy industry and the Ministry of agriculture were instructed to study it. After being studied by the relevant departments, the above items shall be submitted to the State Planning Commission for examination and considered in the preparation of the five-year plan.

(3) in order to meet the needs of the people, we should not only pay attention to the quantity (NATURAL quantity is still the primary problem today), but also pay attention to the quality, variety and color of textiles as soon as possible. With the development of production and the gradual improvement of people's living standards, people will demand better quality and more varieties and colors of textiles. If we do not take effective measures to improve the quality of the products of the state-owned textile industry, strengthen printing and dyeing, and increase varieties and colors, our products will not be liked by the masses and can not meet the needs of the people. It is bound to form a backlog. This will make the state-owned textile industry, in terms of leading private textile enterprises, deal with the problem At a disadvantage. Therefore, the Ministry of textile industry should pay special attention to strengthening the design of new products and seriously studying the improvement of product quality.

(4) in recent years, the state-owned textile industry has made great achievements in giving full play to equipment efficiency, improving labor productivity, saving raw materials and reducing costs. In order to supply the people with high-quality and cheap products, to accumulate more funds for the state, and to ensure the continuous growth of the proportion of socialist economic components, the Ministry of textile industry should continue to work hard to prevent and overcome complacency, conservative ideas and some waste phenomena, strengthen the leadership of private textile enterprises, and guide them to gradually embark on the road of state capitalism Step up the labor productivity of textile enterprises, and strive to increase production, improve quality and reduce costs.

This instruction of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China fully illustrates the position and role of the textile industry in the national economy and points out the direction of the textile industry in the next few years. The instructions require all relevant departments to cooperate with the textile industry departments to solve the problems in textile production, so as to speed up the development of China's textile industry and meet the needs of people's clothing and national construction.

In recent years, Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, Zhu De and other state leaders have listened to Qian Zhiguang's reports on the development of textile industry for many times. In accordance with Premier Zhou's instructions, they held a small textile industry exhibition in Yingtai, Zhongnanhai, reporting the development achievements of the textile industry in material form. Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi, Zhu De and other party and state leaders visited in person, The achievements in the development of textile industry are fully affirmed and many important instructions are given.

Later, Chairman Mao specially listened to reports from various economic departments, including the Ministry of textile industry. Qian Zhiguang specially organized representative textile enterprises in all provinces, cities and districts to sum up their experience, reflect the situation, put forward the development direction and goal in the future, write a report to the Party Central Committee, and on the basis of summing up the experience of enterprises, he directly stated to the Party Central Committee and Chairman Mao on the development situation, experience, problems and future work ideas of the textile industry. Chairman Mao fully absorbed the reflection of various economic departments. In "on the correct handling of contradictions among the people" and "on the ten major relations", Chairman Mao regarded the development of light industry (including textile industry) as the road to realize China's industrialization.

Zhou Enlai's report at the 49th Standing Committee of the first CPPCC National Committee on September 8, 1953, clearly stated the importance of developing light industry. Taking heavy industry as the central link of the first five-year plan means neglecting light industry and agriculture, he said? "The so-called centralization of the main forces is not the concentration of 'all' forces; it is not about rash advance; if it is not for heavy industry, the rest will not be carried out." "Light industry is what people need," he said. Now the people's purchasing power is increasing day by day. Since there is such a large purchasing power, it is necessary to gradually meet their needs and develop light industry accordingly. At the same time, the development of light industry will facilitate the accumulation of funds. Therefore, our party and state can not ignore the corresponding development of light industry. "

When the textile industry entered the first Five-Year Plan period of large-scale construction, Qian Zhiguang reported to the Party Central Committee and Chairman Mao on August 10, 1953, and put forward three tasks: (1) bringing the potential of existing enterprises into full play; (2) building new factories in a planned way; (3) giving full play to the positive role of private textile enterprises. This is an important measure taken by Qian Zhiguang to realize a series of instructions of Chairman Mao and Premier Zhou on developing light industry.

First, give full play to the potential of existing enterprises

At that time, the construction of large-scale new factories was just in the beginning. Although new factories were put into production every year, improving the productivity and increasing production of the textile industry mainly depended on the existing enterprises. During the three-year recovery period, under the correct leadership of the Party Central Committee, the textile industry resumed cotton production, carried out democratic reform, reform of working hours and wages, and improved working conditions and production conditions. The enthusiasm of the masses of workers to build socialism was unprecedented. This has created extremely favorable conditions for better and faster development during the first five year plan period. On this basis, Qian Zhiguang repeatedly stressed the need to do a good job in production and technical management at the annual factory director's meeting and relevant production meetings, arrange for the equipment transformation of the old plant and make up for it, and organize orderly production according to the supply of raw materials, so as to give full play to the potential of the existing enterprises.

At the end of December 1953, the Ministry of textile industry made a report to the Party Central Committee on the work summary in 1953 and the work deployment in 1954. It was pointed out that 1953 was the first year of the implementation of the first Five-Year Plan by the state. The textile industry completed the production plan in a relatively comprehensive way and over fulfilled the task of building a new factory. In 1953, the work was mainly carried out in four aspects: first, the idea of planned management was established among ordinary cadres and workers. The second is to solve several key problems in textile production, including solving the yarn breakage rate, emphasizing the improvement of product quality, improving the ventilation and cooling equipment of old factories, and summarizing the "May 3rd" machine preservation work law. Third, improve the leadership level at all levels by increasing production and economizing. Fourth, we have completed the task of building a new factory and developed the strength of capital construction. The report puts forward the working policy of 1954: strengthening the plan management and carrying out the operation plan as the center; strengthening the technical management and popularizing the advanced experience; establishing and perfecting the responsibility system of production area management. These efforts focus on one point, which is to further develop the potential of existing enterprises.

In February 1954, Zhu De, vice president of the state, attended the meeting and gave important instructions. The policy and task of the textile industry in 1954 were determined at the meeting as follows: to continue to strengthen the planned management and implement the operation plan as the center, further strengthen the technical leadership, promote advanced experience, carry out labor competition, establish the factory director responsibility system, production area management system and other relevant responsibility systems step by step, continue to improve the labor organization, vigorously train cadres, and strengthen financial cost management, Gradually implement the economic accounting system and raise the level of enterprise management.

One of the most important aspects is to fill in the existing equipment and make up for it.

In August 1954, the Ministry of textile industry established the principles and principles for the transformation of old factories. The main points are: to give full play to the potential strength on the basis of the existing plant and equipment to improve the output per unit area; to increase equipment, shorten the process flow, local modification and addition, and appropriately replace part of the equipment when necessary and possible, so as to ensure production, increase production, improve quality and reduce costs. At the same time, we should solve and improve the welfare facilities and staff housing. In the following years, due to the development of textile machinery, these policies have been successfully implemented.

The implementation of the above-mentioned series of measures has fundamentally changed the face of the original enterprise and brought the production capacity into full play. Take the cotton spinning industry as an example: in 1957, compared with 1949, the equipment utilization rate increased by more than 20%; the national average output of 1000 spindles per hour of medium count cotton yarn increased from 18 kg to 25 kg, an increase of 34%; the average cotton consumption per piece of yarn was reduced from 210 kg to 193 kg, a decrease of 8%, and the spindle watching ability of fine yarn workers increased from 300 ~ 400 spindles per person to more than 800 spindles.

In order to make the limited cotton resources get fair and reasonable distribution and guarantee the basic needs of people's life, since 1954, the state carried out the unified purchase of cotton cloth, issued cloth tickets, and carried out quantitative supply according to the plan. After that, the distribution and cashing of cloth tickets affected the hearts of hundreds of millions of people throughout the country, and it was also a major task in front of the Ministry of textile industry. Qian Zhiguang attaches great importance to this. When making plans every year, he should make repeated balance with the State Planning Commission and the Ministry of Commerce, carefully verify the production capacity, raw material resources and other conditions, make appropriate arrangements, and strive to increase production to ensure that the distribution of tickets can be realized.

Cotton resources should be guaranteed to increase cotton yarn and cotton. Therefore, Qian Zhiguang is particularly concerned about the production and supply of cotton. Whenever the cotton purchase season, Qian Zhiguang always carefully checks the progress of cotton purchase by ten days a month, so that he has a clear idea. In the five years of the "first five year plan", China's cotton production is "two abundant, two poor and one flat". In order to reduce the fluctuation of gauze production caused by cotton yield shortage, Qian Zhiguang put forward the policy of "make up for the shortage with abundant supply" in the planning arrangement, so as to ensure the balance between production and market supply.

Second, build new factories in a planned way

Qian Zhiguang believes that in order to carry out construction, we must first solve the problem of machinery and equipment. During the period of national economic recovery, he organized the repair factories of the textile system to produce accessories to ensure the needs of the production enterprises; at the same time, he organized some larger textile machinery factories to produce complete sets of cotton spinning equipment, and built the first cotton textile mill in Xianyang, Handan and Wuhan and Xinjiang Qiyi cotton textile factory. In order to develop textile machinery, Jingwei Textile machinery factory with large scale and advanced equipment was built and put into operation in August 1954. On March 20, 1953, the Ministry of textile industry decided to put Shanghai No.2 Textile Machinery Factory, China Textile Machinery Factory, Far East clothing factory, Tianjin Textile Machinery Factory, Qingdao Textile Machinery Factory, Jingwei Textile Machinery Factory and Zhengzhou Textile Machinery Factory under the direct management of the textile machinery manufacturing Bureau of the Ministry of textile industry. This provides advanced complete sets of equipment for the large-scale construction of textile industry and foreign aid construction during the first five year plan period.

Qian Zhiguang grasped the textile machinery industry in the textile industry and developed the textile industry independently and independently. He was praised by Chairman Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi and vice chairman Zhu De for many times. The Ministry of textile industry is also known as "half Machinery Department"

To build a new factory on a large scale, we must do a good job in capital construction. As early as in the recovery period of the national economy, Qian Zhiguang started to pay close attention to this work in a planned way and established the capital construction bureau, Textile Design Institute, construction engineering company and installation engineering company. This construction force undertook nearly 80% of the new textile factories in this period, and built 19 cotton mills in five cotton textile industrial bases in Beijing, Shijiazhuang, Handan, Zhengzhou and Xi'an, with a total scale of 1.61 million spindles, and equipped with corresponding weaving machines and printing and dyeing capacity. It is equivalent to 32% of the total cotton textile scale in China.

While building five cotton textile bases, Zhejiang sack factory, Beijing synthetic fiber Experimental Factory, Zhuzhou ramie textile factory, Hangzhou silk printing and dyeing factory were also built, and Baoding chemical fiber factory and other modern new factories were started.

During the large-scale construction of the new factory, Qian Zhiguang not only organized textile machinery manufacturing forces, but also organized the survey, design, construction and installation teams of capital construction. He also personally led the leading comrades and engineering and technical personnel of relevant departments and bureaus to go deep into the local cotton area, investigate and study, and then according to the cotton production situation, transportation, water and electricity supply and labor organization situation To select the appropriate plant site, determine the construction scale, formulate the capital construction plan, and organize the capital construction forces to carry out the design and construction. According to the construction plan, complete the whole set of textile machinery and equipment in China, schedule the supply, and ensure the timely supply, installation and commissioning of the equipment. In the process of construction, at the same time, we organized enterprises in the old textile base, transferred engineering and technical personnel and all kinds of management personnel to assign cadres to the new factory and organize the training of workers to ensure that one new factory is built and one is put into operation, which will enter into normal production soon, give full play to the economic benefits, quickly alleviate the people's demand for textiles and provide fund accumulation for the state. Due to its own mechanical manufacturing force, its own capital construction team, and the timely arrival of all kinds of personnel, the construction progress has been greatly accelerated and smoothly put into production. The construction of the five textile bases has basically been completed in about a year and a half, and the construction investment will be recovered in about a year and a half. According to the construction scale, each base is equipped with cotton textile mills, printing and dyeing mills and knitting mills reasonably, which ensures that the final products are supplied to the market according to the quality and quantity, and greatly improves the situation of people's lack of clothing and quilt. All the five textile bases were built into cotton production areas and consumption areas, which greatly improved the unreasonable distribution of textile industry in the coastal areas of old China.

While carrying out large-scale construction at home, we should actively cooperate with China's development of the international united front, assist the third world countries to build modern textile enterprises and help them develop their national economy. During the "first five year plan" period, Myanmar was assisted to build two textile mills with its own cotton production, and then 12 complete textile projects were built in Asian countries such as North Korea, Mongolia, Cambodia, Sri Lanka and Yemen, forming the first climax of foreign aid.

Third, give full play to the positive role of private textile enterprises

For private enterprises, Qian Zhiguang, while expanding the scope of processing and ordering, extended the production management experience of state-owned enterprises to them to help them improve technology, quality and management.

In 1955, under the rapid promotion of the agricultural cooperative movement, the tide of capitalist industrial and commercial joint ventures swept across the country. In the third quarter of 1955, the whole industry public-private joint ventures of some textile industries appeared all over the country. By the end of January 1956, more than 50 large and medium-sized cities with relatively concentrated capitalist industry and Commerce announced the realization of public-private joint ventures in the whole industry. By the end of the year, all private textile industries in the country have been put into the track of public-private partnership. After the public-private joint venture, the production and construction have been incorporated into the state plan, and the state has adopted various supporting policies. The initiative of the workers and staff has been brought into full play, and the production efficiency has been greatly improved.

Fourth, summarize the experience of the first five year plan

The implementation of the first five-year plan has gained rich experience in the development of textile industry. On February 17, 1956, when Qian Zhiguang reported to the Party Central Committee and Chairman Mao, he summarized the following four points on the textile industry's experience in recent years

There are three basic links in production management: technical quota, technical management and product quality standard.

(2) in terms of capital construction, the following measures should be taken: first, simplify the design procedures as much as possible, adopt standard design and reuse design drawings; second, strengthen the organization work in the process of design, construction and installation; third, popularize prefabricated components and implement factory construction.

(3) when China's machinery and equipment can not meet the needs, it is necessary and advantageous for specialized departments to organize forces to produce the production equipment needed by their own departments, thus ensuring the equipment needed by the textile industry and accelerating the speed of capital construction.

(4) to implement overall planning and overall arrangements for the private textile industry, so as to take the initiative in work development and facilitate their transformation.

These experiences have played a very good guiding role in the future development of textile industry and are very valuable.

Under the correct leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council, the vast number of workers in the textile front, carrying forward the spirit of hard work and fearing difficulties, overfulfilled all the targets of the "first five year plan" ahead of schedule and made great achievements attracting worldwide attention. The total industrial output value (calculated at the constant price in 1952) reached 17.3 billion yuan in 1957, 157% of the 11 billion yuan in 1952, with an average annual growth of 9.5%. The "first five year plan" for cotton yarn production was set at 5 million pieces and 558300 meters for cotton cloth, which had been achieved one year ahead of schedule in 1956. In 1956, the output of cotton yarn reached 5.24 million pieces, and cotton cloth reached 5.77 billion meters. Profits and taxes: in 1952, the total profits and taxes of textile enterprises owned by the whole people and independently accounted for were 720 million yuan, which increased to 1.19 billion yuan in 1957, accounting for 10.3% of the total profits and taxes of the national industrial departments. 68 new cotton textile mills (referring to the enterprises with capital construction investment of more than 5 million yuan), with a total scale of 2.4 million spindles and 61000 looms; including the projects under construction, the total scale is more than 3 million spindles, meeting the requirement of Chairman Mao for the construction of 3 million spindles. At the same time, 6 printing and dyeing mills, 3 wool mills, 7 hemp mills, 4 silk mills, 3 chemical fiber mills and 1 textile machinery factory were built and expanded, and the construction task was successfully completed.

In terms of textile market sales, in 1957, the domestic cotton retail sales volume was 4.3 billion meters, while in the same year, the production volume of textile industry reached more than 5 billion meters, which ensured the market demand. Compared with 1952, the total retail sales of clothing goods increased from 5.08 billion yuan to 8.26 billion yuan, an increase of 63%; in the same period, the retail sales of cotton cloth increased by 40%, the retail sales of woolen fabrics and satins nearly doubled, and the retail sales of knitted underwear increased nearly 6 times, indicating that the people's clothing situation has been improved.

The second five year plan period (1958-1962)

In September 1956, the Communist Party of China held the Eighth National Congress. Premier Zhou Enlai of the State Council made a report on the second five year plan for the development of the national economy on behalf of the Party Central Committee. In his report, he pointed out: in view of the gradual increase of people's consumption level in the second five-year plan, the production capacity of some light industrial products will be insufficient, and it is necessary to appropriately increase the proportion of investment in light industry. According to this spirit, the state's investment in the textile industry during the "Five Year Plan" period increased from 1.75 billion yuan to 2.13 billion yuan, which reflects the importance of the party and the state to the textile industry.

At the Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Qian Zhiguang also made a speech on the basic assumption and deployment of developing textile industry in the "Five Year Plan". He emphasized that the development of textile industry can not only meet the needs of the people, but also recover investment quickly and accumulate funds for national construction. The speed and quantity of this accumulation are beneficial to the development of China's industrial construction. At the same time, in view of the high utilization rate of the equipment in the old textile factory, it is proposed to carry out technical transformation step by step and focus. For the construction of the new factory, in addition to further reasonable layout, it is also proposed that advanced equipment with short process flow and high production efficiency must be used as far as possible to ensure higher labor productivity. Therefore, it is necessary to continue to strengthen the basic construction and mechanical manufacturing force, and further expand the manufacturing capacity of complete sets of textile equipment for cotton, wool, linen and silk. Qian also made suggestions on increasing the production and reserve of agricultural raw materials and developing the chemical fiber industry.

Qian Zhiguang was full of confidence when he put forward the plan for the development of the textile industry in the "Five Year Plan" period at the Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China. The textile industry has established a solid material and technical foundation after the national economic recovery and the seven and eight years of solid work during the first five year plan period. In addition, the company has already built more than 700000 sets of spinning equipment with high efficiency, and has already completed the research and construction of more than 700000 sets of spinning equipment in China Scientific research and technical team with high technical level, theoretical literacy and practical experience, etc. Relying on such a force, together with the country's increased investment in construction, to achieve the goals of the "Five Year Plan" and to further improve people's lives, it is entirely guaranteed.

These principles, policies and specific arrangements were in line with the actual situation in China at that time. Later, great changes have taken place in China's political and economic situation. After the successful completion of the "first five year plan", from the central government to the local government, from cadres to the masses, it is required to further accelerate the speed of economic development and improve people's material and cultural life faster and more. In order to promote the "great leap forward" of the national economy, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council made a decision to improve the management system. With regard to the industrial management system, it has been decided that all the competent industrial departments under the State Council, whether light or heavy industries, or some enterprises not under the management of non industrial departments, shall, in principle, be put down for local administration, except for some major, special and "experimental field" enterprises. There have also been "left" mistakes in the guidelines, such as "satellite releasing" in agriculture, "satellite releasing" in iron and steel industry, and "satellite releasing" in many industries. The idea of high index, blind command, being divorced from reality and eager for success has prevailed. The comprehensive balance has been destroyed and production has lost control for a period of time.

Qian Zhiguang has always been practical and realistic. Under the impact of this "left" trend of thought, Qian Zhiguang still insists on investigation and research. He does not "follow the trend" or "release satellites" from the actual situation. He patiently persuades and dissuades some behaviors that are obviously not in line with science, thus avoiding many unnecessary losses and maintaining the smooth development of the textile industry.

First, textile machinery and chemical fibers are still under the management of the Ministry of textile

On November 18, 1957, the State Council promulgated the order on improving the provisions of the industrial management system, which pointed out that "the textile industry should be devolved to a small part first, and then most of the steps should be determined according to the specific situation.". On December 28, 1957, with the approval of the State Council, 59 decentralized textile mills in some regions, including the separate weaving mill in Shanghai, the decentralized wool textile mill, hemp textile mill, silk mill, knitting mill, equipment and machine repair factory, were decentralized, and were respectively led by the relevant provinces, cities and autonomous regions.

On March 27, 1958, with the approval of the State Council, the Ministry of textile industry not only administers the design and manufacture of textile machinery and capital construction design, but also deploys Baoding, Dandong and Beijing chemical fiber factories (the newly-built chemical fiber factories will still be built and managed by the Ministry of textile industry, and the small and medium-sized chemical fiber factories will be built and managed by the local government), and other textile enterprises and capital construction enterprises such as cotton, wool, hemp and silk will also be under the control of the Ministry of textile industry Engineering companies, secondary technical schools and technical schools are all decentralized to local management. After the system was decentralized, the Ministry of textile industry was responsible for the overall planning, coordination and balance, technical guidance and supervision and inspection.

On June 17, 1958, with the approval of the State Council, the Ministry of textile industry decentralized its textile machinery manufacturing plants and chemical fiber factories to provincial and municipal administration.

On June 20, 1958, the Ministry of textile industry and the Ministry of chemical industry jointly informed the relevant regions that the chemical fiber industry was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of chemical industry, and that Baoding and Dandong man-made fiber factories were under local management.

On July 7, 1958, the Ministry of textile industry and the first Ministry of mechanical industry jointly informed that the former textile machinery manufacturing administration bureau of the Ministry of textile industry was changed into one machinery department and seven bureaus. The former research and Design Institute of textile machinery was abolished, and all design business was transferred to the factory. A textile machinery research institute was established under the leadership of the seventh Bureau of the first Ministry of machinery.

In the end of 1958, when the cotton mills in other places planned to build more than 1.2 million spindles of steel, they were transferred to other places in the province to manage the production of 1.2 million spindles. To this end, the Party group of the Ministry of textile industry made a report to the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on August 25. The central government immediately approved and transmitted it to all provinces and cities, saying, "those provinces and cities that had the task of textile machinery manufacturing in 1958 must hurry up to complete the task and strive to surpass it. The part over fulfilled can be installed on site.".

On September 11, 1958, the Ministry of textile industry issued a notice: according to the decision of the State Council, the textile machinery industry is still under the leadership of the Ministry of textile industry, and the first machine department and seven bureaus are under the leadership of the Ministry of textile industry, and the Department of textile machinery is established. In addition, a mechanical Research Institute of the Ministry of textile industry is set up, which is led by the Department of machinery of the Ministry of textile industry.

On April 28, 1960, the Party group of the Ministry of chemical industry of the Communist Party of China and the Party group of the Ministry of textile industry proposed to the Party Central Committee that the man-made fiber industry should be under the management of the Ministry of textile industry, and that Dandong and Baoding chemical fiber factories, which were originally decentralized by the central government, should be taken back and managed by the Ministry of textile industry. All rayon resources should be allocated uniformly by the Ministry of textile industry Unified arrangement by the Ministry of textile industry. The Party Central Committee approved and transmitted the report on May 1.

According to the instructions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Dandong and Baoding chemical fiber factories were under the direct management of the Ministry of textile industry on July 1, 1960 and August 19, 1961, respectively.

After the problem of management system was solved, Qian Zhiguang, with a sense of mission and responsibility to solve the problem of people's clothing, made a bold effort to grasp the textile machinery and chemical fiber industry to speed up the development of textile processing industry.

After the State Council decided on September 11, 1958 that textile machinery should be re placed under the management of the Ministry of textile industry, Qian Zhiguang held a national textile machinery production meeting in Beijing on September 17. After the textile machinery was decentralized, the original plan to produce 1.2 million cotton spindles in the whole year would be recovered by the end of July, and measures should be taken to make up for the further development in the future Tight planning. This conference is an important meeting of historical significance for the great development of textile machinery. The meeting called for all possible ways to expand the capacity of textile machinery. The measures are as follows: (1) expand and transform the original textile machinery factory, and increase the production capacity of Shanghai textile machinery factory to 1.25 million spindles; (2) actively build a new factory and adopt the horizontal staggered method of design, preparation and production to shorten the production preparation time; (3) organize the repair workshop of textile machinery factory to produce textile machinery and machinery Bed. At the same time, we should make a great technological revolution, innovate products and manufacturing processes, and solve the problem of insufficient equipment and materials by self-reliance.

From March 26 to April 7, 1959, Qian Zhiguang held the national textile machinery production planning conference in Beijing. The production plan of textile machinery in 1959 was determined to be 3 million cotton spindles and 70000 looms. According to the spirit of "one game of chess in the whole country", the production layout and cooperation of textile machinery manufacturing in China in the future were determined.

On January 1, 1962, the Ministry of textile industry decided to change the Shanghai textile machinery manufacturing company, Zhengzhou Textile Machinery Factory and Tianjin Textile Machinery Factory into the direct management of the Ministry.

On May 24, 1962, the Ministry of textile industry informed Shanghai textile machinery manufacturing company that it was reorganized from 20 enterprises to eight enterprises, namely, China Textile Machinery Factory and Shanghai No.1, No.2, No.4 and No.7 textile machinery works, Shanghai printing and dyeing machinery factory, Far East steel wire clothing factory and Hongxin bakelite factory.

In the field of chemical fiber industry, with the approval of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on May 1, 1960, the man-made fiber industry and Dandong and Baoding chemical fiber factories should be under the management of the Ministry of textile industry. Qian Zhiguang put forward his opinions on the investigation and research of the development of chemical fiber industry in the Soviet Union and some capitalist countries for many years on August 23, 1960, in the name of the Party group of the Ministry of textile industry of the Communist Party of China "Request report on the development direction of textile industry" puts forward the policy of developing both natural fiber and chemical fiber. The Central Committee approved the report on September 1, pointing out that the policy for the development of the textile industry in the future, that is, to develop both natural fiber and chemical fiber, is correct and necessary, and necessary measures should be taken to implement it conscientiously. This series of measures reflects Qian Zhiguang's painstaking efforts to open up a way forward for the development of China's chemical fiber industry and the solution of the raw material problems in the textile industry.

Second, overcome the blindness in the production of textile industry

In the wave of the "great leap forward", although the textile industry did not put satellite, but the production also appeared huge fluctuations. At that time, the plan for the development of cotton industry in the Eighth Congress of the Communist Party of China was also put forward in accordance with the basic situation of the development of the textile industry. But in 1958, under the situation of the national great leap forward, the textile industry also appeared one-sided pursuit of high speed, high indicators, production indicators continue to increase. In the "proposal on the second five year plan for the development of the national economy (1958-1962)" adopted by the Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the cotton yarn index in 1962 was 8-9 million pieces. Later, it was put forward that the "Five Year Plan" stipulated by the state should be completed within two years. The cotton yarn production plan for 1962 proposed at the Beidaihe conference in 1958 and the planned indicators for other textiles were greatly raised High. This brings a lot of blindness to the practical work.

One is to increase production blindly without considering objective conditions. It is a good thing to increase the production of gauze, but blind increase in production has brought great passivity. In 1957, the national cotton yarn output increased to 6.95 million pieces in 1958, an increase of 49%; in 1959, it increased to 8.43 million pieces, an increase of 21%. The increase in processing industry was much higher than that in cotton production. As a result, not only all the raw cotton increased in that year was used up, but also the turnover cotton needed for normal production was used up. As a result, the reasonable cotton blending could not be carried out normally, and the quality of products could not be guaranteed. Many factories were forced to stop work and reduce production, and then there was a big drop after the production. In 1960, the cotton yarn production dropped to 6.02 million pieces, and in 1961 to 3.68 million pieces, much lower than that in 1957.

An important reason for the production of cotton is not properly estimated. 1958 was a good harvest year, and the cotton yield could increase by 20% compared with the previous year. However, under the influence of the exaggeration at that time, some people were hot headed and made unrealistic estimates. They thought that the cotton output in that year could reach 140 million tons, more than three times higher than that in 1957. "There was too much cotton to use", so they encouraged enterprises to produce as much as possible and use more cotton. It was not long before cotton was in short supply, so the estimated yield of cotton was compressed again and again, from 140 million tons to 70 million tons, and finally to 40 million tons. Qian Zhiguang always kept a clear mind on this issue. He thought that cotton production could not exceed 40 million tons. Therefore, in the arrangement of textile production, he insisted on looking ahead and leaving room for future. Although it was difficult to completely stop the "left" wave at that time, the unnecessary loss and passivity of work were reduced as much as possible within the scope of the textile system.

Second, high speed operation is a problem. This is the most heated, longest and most influential issue in the textile industry during the "great leap forward" period. At that time, in order to tap the potential, increase production, reasonably increase the speed of the machine was a feasible measure. In the early 1950s, Qian Zhiguang, following the advice of Vice Minister Chen Weiji, put forward the goal of producing one piece of cotton spindle a year, which played a positive role in tapping the production potential. Qian Zhiguang and the Party group of the Ministry of the CPC have a clear view on the problem of machine speed: it is possible to reasonably increase the speed of the machine, but it can not be arbitrarily increased. We should proceed from reality and consider the possibility of technology, the rationality of economy and the need of production. The speed of the machine can be increased, but not unlimited. Under certain technical conditions, there is a certain limit. Beyond this limit, it is against science. It will not only fail to achieve the purpose of increasing production, but also cause great waste and loss and bring serious consequences. However, in the "great leap forward" situation, in the textile system, many regions and enterprises have blown a "high-speed" storm. Many enterprises pursue high speed one sidedly, keep up with each other, do not respect science, and speed is getting higher and higher. At that time, there was another argument that the soul of the general line of socialist construction was high speed. In the textile industry, it was necessary to increase the speed of machine operation, otherwise it would violate the spirit of the general line, that is, "right leaning" and "conservative". Under the influence of this idea, many units blindly speed up the machine speed, and the speed of spinning frame spindle turns to 15000 ~ 18000 revolutions per minute, resulting in the sharp increase of raw materials and power consumption, serious wear and tear of equipment, great improvement of labor intensity of workers, and severe decline of production efficiency.

In order to correct this practice, Qian Zhiguang and the leading Party group of the Ministry have done a lot of work. During the period from April 1958 to July 1959, four meetings were held one after another under the pressure of various parties. Ideological education was adopted to correct this one-sided high-speed deviation. In April 1958, the Ministry of textile industry held the national cotton textile industry conference in Qingdao. The central topic of the conference was to discuss how to implement the policy of "more, faster, better and more economical". The meeting was presided over by Zhang qinqiu, vice minister and Deputy Secretary of the Party group. At the meeting, the debate was very fierce. Representatives of some regions vigorously advocated the idea of "high speed", and proposed that the front roller speed of spinning frame should be set at 300 rpm and the spindle should be turned to 18000 rpm. Some of the more sober minded representatives stressed that more, faster, better, and more economical measures should be taken in an all-round way, and that we should not neglect them. We should pay special attention to the quality of products, and that science and technology and management should not be relaxed. The debate between the two views is very fierce. Therefore, Zhang qinqiu called the Party group of the Ministry for instructions and reports. Qian Zhiguang said: adhere to the opinions of the Party group of the Ministry, and keep silent. Yu Liting, President of Textile Design Institute, was sent to the meeting with a summary draft to show the attitude of the leaders of the Department. In this way, a major dispute gradually subsided. However, the problem has not been solved. In October, the Ministry of textile industry held a meeting in Shanghai, proposing that high speed and high output must be realized under the premise of high technology and high quality. Then, from October 27 to November 6, the Ministry of textile industry held a meeting of directors of the national Department of textile industry in Beijing, proposing the policy of "four highs and four provinces" (four highs - high speed, high output, high quality and high technology; four provinces - provincial power, raw materials, labor and financial resources), and stressed the need to realize high-speed and high-yield on the basis of improving technology. The Central Committee of the people's Republic of China and the Ministry of textile industry held a national conference on improving the quality of products in the central government and the Ministry of textile industry from September to July 1955.

In order to better correct the "high-speed" tendency, Qian Zhiguang also mobilized relevant newspapers and periodicals to strengthen positive publicity and report, and set up a correct and scientific outlook on production and development among the leaders, the vast number of engineering and technical personnel and workers.

On November 15, 1958, China textile, an official journal of the Ministry of textile, published an editorial entitled "pay attention to the work of improving vehicle speed". It is pointed out that it is impossible to change the speed to the same level, but it should be improved step by step according to the specific situation. In the process of increasing the speed, attention should be paid to the improvement of efficiency, the quality of products and economy. At the same time, it is pointed out that while carrying out the mass movement, we should strengthen the regular technical work, strengthen the maintenance of equipment, improve the operating skills of workers, improve the labor system, and improve the management of temperature and humidity.

On April 17, 1959, the people's Daily published "what should we pay attention to in the current development of textile industry?"? 》An editorial of the. It is emphasized that the "four highs and four provinces" are interrelated and must be fully grasped without being biased. On the basis of high technology, we should achieve the goal of high speed, high quality and "four provinces". In order to ensure and improve the product quality under high-speed operation, we must start from strengthening the fundamental technical management and production management, starting from improving the technical level of the staff and workers, mainly focusing on equipment maintenance and repair, workshop temperature and humidity work, and workers' operation technology.

Through a series of work and debates, and with the changes in the political and economic situation across the country, the dispute over the speed issue has gradually subsided. However, due to the implementation of the spirit of the Ministry of textile industry, several directors of the provincial and municipal departments of textile industry who participated in the rectification meeting were beaten as "Right opportunists" in the anti rightist movement in 1959. They were criticized and punished, harmed the cadres and engineers who adhered to the correct policy, took a detour in production and caused unnecessary losses.

This debate on the issue of vehicle speed is essentially a debate of two ideological lines. It is a reflection of the "left" ideological trend in the production work that we ignore the objective possibility and pursue high speed unilaterally. If it is allowed to develop and spread, it will seriously damage the normal production order and bring greater disasters. Qian Zhiguang's spirit of seeking truth from facts throughout his life has educated the cadres and made the textile industry on the right path of development.

Third, adhere to scientific infrastructure

During the "great leap forward" period, the phenomenon of greedy for more and faster and blind development appeared in the basic construction of textile industry. In many areas, regardless of the objective conditions, they may carry out large-scale projects without considering the objective conditions, thus disrupting the reasonable arrangement and layout. At that time, all textile enterprises had been devolved to local management, and capital construction projects were mainly determined and organized by provinces and cities, which were quite different from the management methods during the first five year plan period. All provinces and cities want to develop more. They will set up spots everywhere and blossom everywhere. The scale of construction will become larger and larger. According to incomplete statistics, the construction scale of cotton spinning spindles in China reached 6.2 million spindles in 1958. Such a huge scale of construction greatly exceeds the possibility of national material and financial resources. Due to the delay in construction period, the construction project has been suspended for a long time due to the delay of construction period and the prolonged supply of construction materials. In the three-year "great leap forward" period, only one northwest cotton No.7 factory was completed by the end of 1959, and a large number of projects became "half finished" projects.

In order to catch up with the construction schedule, many materials are not suitable for the project. Some projects engage in "three sides" (design, construction and production). Some of the so-called "simple and easy production" have not yet met the normal production conditions, but have just managed to put them into operation. The construction of modern industry was originally a "long-term plan", but some projects were made to cope with the situation.

Qian Zhiguang firmly disagrees with these unscientific practices. As early as 1956, there were signs of being greedy for more and faster projects in some areas. When Qian Zhiguang and other leaders of the Ministry became aware of it, they took measures to stop it. Qian Zhiguang pointed out at the national textile industry planning conference in March 1957 that great achievements were the main achievements in the development of the national textile industry in 1956, but many problems and shortcomings were also exposed. The experience and lessons worth noting are: (1) the need and possibility must be considered in expanding infrastructure; (2) the development of agriculture should be considered first in order to improve production, and should be applied to the situation of agricultural bumper harvest or poor harvest In order to ensure the production according to the plan, we must pay attention to the material reserve; (4) to arrange the work, we should look forward to the future; (5) we should strengthen the leadership to prevent and reduce the deviation.

In 1958, the storm of the "great leap forward" blew up, and the atmosphere of blind construction expanded rapidly and became more uncontrollable. At a meeting of directors of the national Department of textile industry at the end of 1958, a director of the Department introduced the construction of a large-scale cotton mill with 80000 spindles and a brick wood structure factory building. He was quite proud of his practice of "putting into production simply" before the state ordered it to stop construction. After hearing this, Qian Zhiguang seriously pointed out: "this kind of practice of you is not enough to teach." "The present seems to be fast, and there will be endless troubles in the future." Sure enough, the factory had to be demolished and rebuilt because it did not have the normal production conditions. Qian Zhiguang's timely warning stopped the spread of "simple production" and other wrong practices in the textile system.

At the same time, many places set off the upsurge of local spinning and weaving. Soil spinning and weaving is a backward mode of production, which has been gradually eliminated after the development of modern textile industry. By the 1950s, only a few remained in a small number of rural areas. During the period of the great leap forward, we advocated "walking on two legs". Both local and foreign production were carried out simultaneously, and various industries were engaged in "small soil groups". In addition, there was a kind of public opinion at that time that there was too much cotton to use up and the textile production capacity could not keep up with it, and the local textile and weaving industry would revive again, and a wave of local textile and weaving was formed. The local textile and weaving equipment appeared on the stage one after another. Some are local and foreign, some are local, some are human and some are electric. In some provinces, there are millions of spindles in one region, and several hundred thousand spindles in a county. According to the statistics of several provinces, the number of indigenous spindles is tens of millions.

The low production efficiency, poor product quality and high raw material consumption of these soil equipment soon exposed its backwardness; moreover, cotton production was not as much as some people advocated. We can't continue to do it any more. In February 1959, when the Party group of the Ministry of textile reported to Liu Shaoqi, the problem of local textile was raised. Liu Shaoqi pointed out: "cotton yarn to engage in earth spinning, a waste of labor, the quality is poor, I am afraid not good. The problem is that with this kind of machine, we don't necessarily engage in earth spinning. " In April of the same year, Qian Zhiguang published the article "developing textile industry at a high speed" in the magazine "red flag". He pointed out that in the implementation of the policy of "combining local with foreign countries", different arrangements should be made according to the characteristics of various industries. Cotton textile industry and other industries do not need to engage in local or foreign-oriented integration. On February 7, 1960, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "instruction on stopping cotton spinning and weaving immediately". At this point, the wind of earth spinning and weaving stopped, thus avoiding greater losses.

The "great leap forward", which once caused serious disasters to China's economy, inevitably brought about various negative effects on the production and construction of textile industry. However, under the influence of Qian Zhiguang's practical and realistic work style, the textile industry did not "release satellite", and tried to minimize all kinds of negative effects. At the same time, through summing up the experience and lessons, we can improve our understanding and unify our thoughts to guide the healthy development of textile industry.

Fourth, sum up the experience and lessons of the great leap forward

On December 7-10, 1960, the Ministry of textile industry held a meeting of directors of the national Department of textile industry in Beijing. Qian Zhiguang summed up 10 experiences in the work since the great leap forward: (1) to develop the textile industry, we must first correctly understand agriculture and truly implement the policy based on Agriculture. (2) In arranging the production plan, we must look forward to the future and leave room. (3) In capital construction, we must shorten the front, ensure the key points, and concentrate our efforts on the war of annihilation. (4) We must firmly implement the principle of "one game of chess" in the whole country, and cooperate and support each other. (5) We must always grasp the link of improving quality to promote the all-round development of enterprise production. (6) Great attention must be paid to saving labor and improving labor productivity. (7) Focusing on the current revolution, we must strengthen the analysis and promotion of science and technology. (8) We must constantly strengthen enterprise management to make economic work more and more detailed. (9) Foreign aid work must be both positive and prudent. (10) We must correctly implement the party's policies in all our work.

Summing up these experiences, we hope that the textile industry will advance better in the future development.

The period of national economic adjustment (1961-1965)

The mistakes of the "great leap forward" led to serious difficulties in the national economy in the early 1960s. What Qian Zhiguang could do at that time was to do everything possible to reduce the destructive impact of the "great leap forward" on the textile industry, but he was powerless to seriously worsen the overall national economic situation. At that time, due to the sharp reduction of cotton and other raw materials, a large number of textile enterprises were forced to stop work and reduce production, resulting in a serious shortage of textile supply in the urban and rural markets. Cloth tickets could not be issued and cashed in full as planned, and people's basic clothing and quilt needs were difficult to guarantee.

From January 14 to 18, 1961, the Ninth Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held in Huairen Hall, Zhongnanhai, Beijing. The most important content of this meeting is to formally decide to implement the policy of "adjusting, consolidating, enriching and improving" the national economy. The plenary session specially stressed: since agricultural production has suffered from serious natural disasters for two consecutive years, the whole country must concentrate its efforts on strengthening the agricultural front in 1961, implement the policy of taking agriculture as the basis of the national economy, and launch agriculture and food in a large scale; appropriately reduce the scale of infrastructure construction, slow down the development speed of heavy industry, strengthen the support of various industries for agriculture, and strive for agriculture as far as possible Good harvest was obtained.

Premier Zhou Enlai further explained the meaning of the eight character policy at a State Council executive meeting. He said, "the purpose of" adjustment "is to better expand reproduction;" consolidation "is to further advance;" enrichment "is to do a good job of matching, so as to give full play to the production capacity; and" improvement "is easier to understand." This eight character policy was put forward in the report of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the control figures of national economic plan in 1961, which was approved and transmitted by the State Planning Commission. In 1961, the Ninth Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was determined as the main task of the whole national economy in a period of time, and became the fundamental policy guiding the Chinese people to walk out of the predicament.

According to the actual situation of the textile industry, Qian Zhiguang led the textile industry to conscientiously implement this policy. On March 25, 1963, the State Council approved and transmitted the report of the Ministry of textile industry on the main work situation in 1962 and the main work arrangement in 1963. According to the report, in 1962, we mainly focused on seven aspects of work: (1) implementing the "eight character" policy with adjustment as the center, readjusting the production front and streamlining the staff and workers. (2) Improve the quality of products, increase the variety of colors. (3) The construction of man-made fiber industry. (4) Production of export products. (5) Foreign aid. (6) We will implement the "70 articles of industry" and strengthen enterprise management. (7) Assets and capital verification. In 1963, we should continue to implement the policy of "adjusting, consolidating, enriching and improving".

First, adjust the production front and streamline the staff and workers

In fact, the adjustment of the textile industry began in 1960. At that time, the focus of the adjustment was to shorten the capital construction front relying on agricultural raw materials and develop man-made fibers, so as to make the textile industry adapt to the situation of raw materials provided by agriculture. In 1961, the production front was further adjusted. Enterprises with no guarantee of raw material supply, poor product sales and poor equipment conditions were either closed down, or reduced in production scale, or merged or changed production tasks, so as to adapt to the overall situation of agriculture. At the end of the year, the number of spinning mills was reduced from 1.696 million to 2.696 million, including the number of cotton mills closed down from 1.697 million to 1.696 million. The production capacity of knitting, dyeing and weaving, silk reeling, hemp textile and other industries has also been reduced by about 30%. The number of textile machinery factories directly under the Ministry of textile industry has been adjusted from 32 to 13.

In adjusting the enterprise and streamlining the staff and workers, we have spent all our efforts. At that time, the Northeast was the focus of streamlining staff and workers. Qian Zhiguang went to Northeast China with Premier Qian Zhiguang to study relevant policies and measures and understand the spirit of the Central Committee. As for the mode of shutdown, the opinions of the relevant departments at that time were as follows: the factory was shut down and all the workers left the factory. He believes that the shutdown of textile mills is not because the market does not need it, but because of the shortage of raw materials, and the production of raw materials can be recovered quickly. If the factory is shut down and all the workers leave the factory, it is not conducive to equipment maintenance, and it will be more difficult to resume production in the future. Therefore, on September 27, 1962, Qian Zhiguang, in the name of the Party group of the Ministry, made a report on the request for instructions on adjusting the stoppage mode of the textile industry to the State Planning Commission, the Economic Commission and the financial office. The report points out that in order to facilitate the production arrangement, maintenance and storage of equipment and plant, to arrange the workers who can not be handled and the recovery of production in the future, it is suggested to reduce the number of start-up shifts or start some equipment in the enterprise, and appropriately open some enterprises. The State Planning Commission and the Economic Commission approved the report on October 26. It has been proved that Qian Zhiguang's opinion is correct, which is very beneficial to the resumption of production.

At the same time, a large number of workers and staff have been readjusted. At the end of 1960, there were 2 million employees in the national textile industry. The central streamlining group approved the reduction of 647000 people in 1961 and 1962. By the end of 1962, 710000 people had been downsized, 60000 more than planned and 36% less than the end of 1960. Of the 710000 workers who have been reduced, 260000 have returned to the countryside to support agricultural production.

While adjusting the production front and closing, stopping, merging and transferring the existing enterprises, the capital construction projects under construction are also compressed. With the increasingly obvious situation of cotton production reduction, the original plan of 1960 was to arrange the construction of 2.4 million cotton spindles in the first step and 3 million cotton spindles in the second step. Most of the projects under construction were forced to stop construction in 1960. On April 13, 1960, the Party group of the Ministry of textile industry and the Party group of the Ministry of Commerce of the Communist Party of China reported to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the cotton yarn production plan and cotton distribution and allocation plan from 1959 to 1960, and proposed that the construction of 1.2 million of the 2.4 million cotton spindles originally planned to be constructed should be postponed to 1961 At the same time, "reduce the manufacturing task of 1.5 million cotton spindles, change the manufacturing of chemical fiber equipment and wool, hemp and silk textile equipment, as well as the twisting machine and combing machine to improve the product quality.". On April 16, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China approved and transmitted the report and pointed out: "this is correct and necessary, and it must be done in this way."

Second, to restore and increase cotton production, so that textile production construction has been restored

An important aspect of implementing the "eight character" policy is to restore and increase cotton production so as to better restore textile production. In April 1961, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to implement the policy of rewarding grain for purchasing important cash crops. Among them, each purchase of cotton, reward 35 Jin of grain. The people's Daily published an editorial entitled "both grain and cotton must be taken into account", pointing out that "giving consideration to both grain and cotton is a task for quite a long time". "All cotton producing areas where the land is suitable for planting cotton and has cotton planting technology and experience should have a variety of cotton. Increasing the yield per unit area of cotton field by every possible means is an effective way to solve the problem of land contention between grain and cotton In December 1962, the State Council held the first cotton production conference in the national centralized cotton producing areas in Beijing. All the cadres at the district and county levels attended the meeting to discuss the cotton planting and production plan in 1963. Since then, the State Council has held a cotton conference every year. Most of the meetings were attended by Premier Zhou Enlai in person and made important reports at the meetings, and the relevant vice premier also attended in person. In 1964, the sown area of cotton fields reached 74 million mu, an increase of 22 million mu compared with that in 1962; the cotton production reached 33.25 million tons (1.66 million tons), of which the purchase amount reached 30.79 million tons (1.54 million tons), an increase of 18 million tons (900000 tons) compared with 1962.

In February 1965, the State Council held the fourth national cotton production conference of centralized cotton producing counties. Premier Zhou and Vice Premier Li Xiannian attended the meeting and delivered their reports. In February 1966, the State Council held the Fifth National Cotton Conference. Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, Deng Xiaoping and other state leaders met with representatives attending the conference. Premier Zhou Enlai and Vice Premier Li Xiannian and Tan Zhenlin made reports on the principles and policies of cotton production, proposing that special attention should be paid to handling the relationship between grain and cotton, and that cotton producing areas should further implement the policy of taking grain as the key link and developing grain and cotton simultaneously. On January 5, 1967, the people's Daily reported that China's cotton production, on the basis of increasing production for four consecutive years, reached a record high last year, with a total output of 46.74 million tons.

The increase in cotton production has created important conditions for the textile industry to resume production after the adjustment of the national economy.

As Qian Zhiguang expected, under the correct leadership of the Party Central Committee and the State Council, the people of the whole country have conscientiously implemented the policy of "adjusting, consolidating, enriching and improving". After two or three years' efforts, the vitality of the national economy has gradually recovered, and a considerable part of the construction projects that have stopped in the textile system are also able to resume construction. On January 21, 1964, the Ministry of textile industry reported to the State Council that 1.7 million cotton spindles, 52000 looms and corresponding printing and dyeing equipment should be resumed in 1964. This proposal was approved by the State Council. By August 1964, the Ministry of textile industry proposed to the State Council that 380000 cotton spindles, 10500 looms, sack, silk and corresponding printing and dyeing, knitting reproduction, textile equipment and textile machinery manufacturing equipment should be rebuilt in the second step of 1964 according to the situation of improved textile raw materials, urgent market demand and insufficient textile production capacity There are 13 cotton mills with a total of 650000 spindles, 4 wool mills and 5 chemical fiber mills. On August 6, the State Council approved and transmitted it to the people's committees of all provinces, cities and autonomous regions and relevant central ministries and commissions, demanding that the tasks be completed as far as possible on the premise of ensuring quality, so as to meet the urgent needs of textile production. So far, all the enterprises that have resumed work have returned to work, and the construction projects with good conditions basically completed during the "Five Year Plan" period have also been resumed, and the whole production and construction order has basically returned to normal.

Third, accelerate the development of chemical fiber industry

Over the past ten years, especially during the "great leap forward", the main reason for the rise and fall of textile industry production is the problem of raw materials. If we want to adjust, we should "advance and retreat". From the specific situation of the textile industry at that time, the textile production and construction must be withdrawn, and enough should be withdrawn, and some textile enterprises should be stopped. On the other hand, the production of textile raw materials should be advanced, in addition to cotton and other natural fibers, the development of chemical fiber industry should be accelerated.

Qian Zhiguang had thought about the development of chemical fiber as early as the founding of new China. When he visited the Soviet Union in 1955, he went to the chemical fiber factory to have a detailed understanding. During the first five year plan period, cotton production was characterized by "two abundant, two apologies and one leveling", which made him deeply realize that the raw materials of textile industry should not rely solely on agricultural raw materials, but must develop chemical fiber industry. The three-year history of the "great leap forward" has made the textile industry full of the pain of "cooking without rice". In July 1960, the Party group of the Ministry of textile industry reported to the Party Central Committee that a number of viscose fiber factories would be built on the basis of the restoration of Shanghai and Dandong Chemical fiber factories and the completion of Baoding chemical fiber factories. Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping immediately instructed: "I think it is worth it, and synthetic fiber must also be considered." Vice Premier Li Xiannian also gave instructions: "it is suggested that we should start as soon as possible. It is better to do it earlier than to do it later." In August 1960, the Party group of the Ministry of textile industry formally put forward the policy of "developing natural fiber and chemical fiber simultaneously" in the "request report on the development policy of textile industry" submitted to the Party Central Committee. The Party Central Committee highly affirmed and approved the report. Since then, the development of natural fiber and chemical fiber has become a basic principle for the development of textile industry. The development of chemical fiber industry has become the primary task of the development of textile industry, Qian Zhiguang also transferred his main energy to the development of chemical fiber industry.

In order to meet the needs of developing chemical fibers, Qian Zhiguang adjusted the organization of the Ministry of textile industry. In 1963, the original construction department was abolished and the capital construction department, the textile machinery industry administration bureau and the chemical fiber industry administration bureau were established.

Chemical fibers can be divided into viscose fiber and synthetic fiber. Viscose fiber also known as man-made fiber, its filament also known as rayon, short called rayon, artificial wool. Its raw materials are mainly wood and cotton linter, which can be used in China. The main raw materials are synthetic fiber, such as polyamide and acrylic fiber. At that time, China's oil and natural gas production was very small and there was no development conditions. Therefore, the development of chemical fiber at that time was mainly the development of viscose fiber with wood and cotton linter as raw materials.

The CPC Central Committee attaches great importance to the development of chemical fiber industry. On March 6, 1964, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued an instruction of "actively developing man-made fibers", which instructed the Ministry of textile industry to set up a battle headquarters for man-made fibers together with relevant departments to make a comprehensive plan for the development of man-made fibers, which should be comprehensively balanced by the State Planning Commission and incorporated into the long-term plan. The man-made fiber battle headquarters is composed of Wang Dacheng, Vice Minister of textile industry, Zhou Jiannan, Deputy Minister of first machinery department, Yang Tianfang, Vice Minister of forestry, and Yang weizhe, Vice Minister of chemical industry.

In late May 1964, Nanjing chemical fiber factory was completed and put into operation (viscose fiber). Qian Zhiguang personally guided the construction of the plant, summed up experience and built it with high quality and speed, and was praised by the leaders of the State Council. The State Construction Commission held a site meeting in the plant to promote the experience in the construction of the plant. Leading cadres from 14 ministries and commissions of the State Council and 50 key enterprises attended the meeting.

On April 27, 1965, the new filament system was put into production successfully. So far, the first batch of chemical fiber plants built by self-reliance in China have been put into production. This batch of chemical fiber plants, with a total scale of 23600 tons, were built in 1960 and put into production successively since 1961. Together with the two factories, Anle and Dandong, which were restored to production before, and Baoding chemical fiber factory, which were newly built, by the end of 1965, the production capacity of man-made fibers in China had reached more than 50000 tons, laying the foundation for the further development of China's man-made fiber industry.

While building a large number of viscose fiber factories, in order to implement Deng Xiaoping's instruction that "synthetic fiber must also be considered", Qian Zhiguang immediately organized his forces to carry out investigation and research. Starting from the resource situation of China at that time, he chose the specific varieties of synthetic fiber.

On March 23, 1964, the State Development Planning Commission and the Economic Commission approved the Ministry of textile industry to build a Beijing vinylon factory with an annual output of 10000 tons of vinylon fiber by importing complete sets of equipment and technology from Japan. It is pointed out that the construction of Beijing vinylon factory is jointly organized by the Ministry of textile industry and Beijing Municipality, and led by Qian Zhiguang. The plant was completed in September 1965.

On the basis of absorbing, digesting and innovating the imported equipment of Beijing vinylon plant, a complete set of domestic vinylon equipment was developed. In 1971, nine vinylon plants were established in Jiangxi, Fujian, Anhui, Hunan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Shanxi, Gansu and Shijiazhuang. At this time, the "Cultural Revolution" had already begun, and the construction work was greatly impacted and interfered with, which delayed time and progress was not ideal.

At the same time of building vinylon plant, actively plan and start the construction of polyester, acrylic, nylon and other synthetic fiber industries with oil and natural gas as starting materials. At that time, there were not many oil exploitation resources in China, so the fiber with crude oil as the starting material could only be tested and explored in small and medium-sized units to obtain experience and prepare. Practice shows that in order to develop chemical fiber industry, large-scale modern equipment must be built to achieve better results, but the conditions were not available at that time, so we had to wait for the opportunity.

In order to cooperate with the development of chemical fiber industry and improve the layout of textile industry, a new round of reconstruction and expansion of textile machinery manufacturing was carried out in the late 1960s. Some equipment and machine tools were separated from some textile machinery factories in coastal areas. Six textile machinery factories were built in the mainland, and Shaoyang No.2 Textile Machinery Factory, which mainly produced chemical fiber equipment, was built.

Fourth, the export of textiles to the western market

In the face of serious natural disasters, mistakes in work and the serious national economic difficulties caused by the deterioration of Sino Soviet relations, the national economy continued to decline on the track of imbalance, and the supply of grain and other consumer goods was in full tension. While adjusting the national economy in accordance with the eight character policy of "adjustment, consolidation, enrichment and improvement", the state has adopted two emergency measures: one is to import grain urgently to ease the agricultural difficulties and food shortage; the other is to sell high-priced sweets and cakes, open high-priced restaurants and supply high-end high-end industrial products, such as high-end cigarettes, wine, textiles, watches, bicycles, etc Sewing machines and so on, in order to meet part of the market demand, return money, stabilize prices. Foreign exchange is needed to import grain, and if there is foreign exchange, there must be East-West export. Only relying on the export of agricultural and sideline local products, traditional handicraft products and a limited number of industrial products in exchange for foreign exchange is no longer enough to meet the foreign exchange needs of imported grain. Therefore, the central government calls for increasing textile exports, especially to the capitalist market, in exchange for more foreign exchange and striving to import more grain. Qian Zhiguang, who was appointed to the task of increasing the export of textiles and producing high-grade textiles, worked together to solve many difficult problems one by one with the concern of relevant comrades of the Central Committee and the strong support of relevant departments, and achieved remarkable results.

According to the international situation at that time, the expansion of textile export was mainly to open up the western market, including Europe and the United States, Southeast Asia, the Middle East and other countries and regions. The requirements of the western market for textiles are quite different from those of the Soviet Union and Eastern European markets. They require high quality and variety, fast variety of styles and colors, and short delivery time. It is quite difficult to increase exports to the western market in the short term. In addition, the situation was more complicated by the interference of ultra left thoughts. Qian Zhiguang personally led the work and took a series of effective measures: from March 20 to 28, 1961, the Ministry of textile industry held a special conference on textile industry of 16 key provinces and cities in Beijing, and made specific arrangements: to implement "three unification and priority" in the production of export textiles (unified planning of production, unified allocation of raw materials, unified distribution of products; giving priority to export tasks) At the same time, we have arranged the production task of 100000 pieces of high-grade textiles for domestic sale; we have sent competent cadres abroad to investigate the textile market of developed countries, and then sent people to Hong Kong to carry out research work; we introduced a series of advanced equipment around the development of new products; and so on. As a result, China's textiles entered the western world market in a very short time. From 1961 to 1963, when the main export markets changed from the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe to the Western markets, the annual foreign exchange earnings from exports remained at about 500 million US dollars, accounting for the first place in China's foreign trade export commodities, and the exchange rate accounted for 30% - 36% of the country's foreign exchange income in the three years. It ensures that the country can import a large amount of grain to supply the market, reduces the rural burden, and accelerates the recovery of the national economy.

Fifthly, we should implement the "70 articles of industry" and strengthen enterprise management

During the "great leap forward" period, the enterprise management and normal production order of the textile industry were greatly impacted. The rules and regulations were lax, the management was chaotic, and no one was responsible for it. The phenomenon was serious and needed to be rectified. At this time, under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, the "Regulations on the work of state-owned industrial enterprises (Draft)" (hereinafter referred to as the "Seventy articles of industry") was formulated and issued for Trial Implementation on September 16, 1961. This was an important document used at that time to overcome chaos and rectify industrial enterprises. It was also the first enterprise management regulation in China. It played an important role in implementing the policy of "adjusting, consolidating, enriching and improving", restoring and establishing normal production order and promoting the development of productive forces.

Qian Zhiguang believed that in order to restore production rapidly and embark on the track of development, it is necessary to rectify enterprises and strengthen management. He quickly made specific arrangements for the trial implementation of the "70 articles of industry", determined the pilot units, and sent cadres to stay for help. The textile industry departments in many regions have also formulated detailed rules for the implementation of the "Seventy articles of industry" and the acceptance standards after rectification, bringing the reorganized enterprises into the scope of inter factory competition inspection and evaluation.

At the same time, the Ministry of textile industry carried out a major inspection of equipment in the whole industry in 1961, aiming at the existing problems, it systematically rectified the machinery and equipment; in May 1962, it issued the trial "equipment maintenance management system for textile industry enterprises (Trial draft)"; then, it organized investigation and research, based on the systematic summary of historical experience, and according to the situation at that time, formulated the system The technical management rules of textile industry enterprises have been issued.

On October 18, 1963, the Ministry of textile industry summarized the enterprise management experience of Jiafeng textile factory and reported to the State Council for promotion in the whole system. In the long-term practice, the factory has overcome the interference of "left" and "right" ideological tendencies, and has always maintained a good state of stable, healthy and continuous development. The Ministry of textile industry summed up their experience as follows: adhering to the principle of taking quality as the center and comprehensively implementing the principle of "more, faster, better and better province"; adhering to the party's mass line; conscientiously implementing the party's principles and policies; and forming a working style of seeking truth from facts, going deep and down-to-earth and persevering for a long time.

In 1964, the 1953 work law of the people's Republic of China was revised; in 1966, he and the textile trade union summarized and promoted the advanced operation experience of Qiu suogui, a weaver in Shijiazhuang No.2 cotton mill.

After three years of work, the Party committee has revised the rules and regulations for the production of materials and equipment; the Party committee has revised the rules and regulations for the management of materials and equipment; the Party committee has revised the rules and regulations for the management of materials and equipment, and has strengthened the management of production and equipment under the leadership of the Party Committee for three years Group management experience is more perfect. Basically, a set of enterprise management system with Chinese characteristics combining professional management with mass management has been formed. Enterprise management has taken on a new look. By 1965, most of the economic and technical indicators of the textile front have basically recovered to the best level in history.

Sixth, set off the second wave of foreign aid

In addition to the above work, foreign aid construction has also formed a new climax. In 1964, Premier Zhou Enlai visited 14 African countries and announced the eight principles of China's foreign economic and technical assistance, which were highly praised and welcomed by African developing countries. In 1964 and 1965 alone, it undertook 20 textile complete sets of projects in 12 countries.

After China regained its legal seat in the United Nations in 1971, China's international prestige has been greatly improved. More and more people have asked China to help build textile mills. In 1972, there was a climax. A total of 11 textile industry projects were undertaken in this year. Up to 1981, China's textile industry has undertaken 82 complete sets of textile mill projects in 35 countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America and Europe, with an accumulated foreign aid amount of 400 million yuan, a construction scale of 1290000 cotton spindles, 28000 cotton looms, 12 million meters of cotton printing and dyeing capacity, and a considerable number of wool, linen, knitting and thread making factories.

Because of the decentralization of the management system, the Party group of the Ministry of textile industry of the Communist Party of China made a report to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on August 30, 1958, proposing that the preparation for the construction of the aided project, the ordering and shipment of machinery and equipment, the installation, training and trial production of foreign workers, as well as the training and internship of foreign workers in China, were entrusted to the provinces and municipalities. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China approved and transmitted the report on September 15. In principle, it agreed with the opinions of the Party group of the Ministry of textile industry, and pointed out that the Ministry of textile industry should be responsible for all external contacts.

Whether the Ministry of textile industry took full responsibility in the past or entrusted most of the work to provinces and municipalities, Qian Zhiguang always regarded foreign aid as a serious political task, which was to fulfill China's internationalist obligations. No matter which country, no matter which project, no matter how large or small, we should always think for the recipient country, proceed from the reality of the recipient country, and sincerely help the recipient country develop its national economy. Therefore, the foreign aid projects of China's textile industry are successful. After the factory is completed and put into operation, the equipment runs normally and the product quality is good. It has played a certain role in developing the national economy of the recipient country, increasing the income and meeting the consumption demand of the people. It also makes China win a good reputation in the world.

The period of "Cultural Revolution" (1966-1976)

In the mid-1960s, after a few years of readjustment, the textile industry was able to recover its normal level of production. However, it was not long before the storm of the "Cultural Revolution" began. Ten years of turmoil, especially the five years from 1966 to 1970, caused serious damage to the textile industry.

Qian Zhiguang himself also suffered from the impact and was in a very difficult situation. He did everything possible to reduce the loss of textile industry. In the summer of 1967, Qian Zhiguang was liberated to do his work. He was the first leading cadre at the ministerial level who was liberated from the State Council system to do his work.

At the beginning of 1970, according to the decision of the central government, the Ministry of textile industry merged with the first Ministry of light industry and the second Ministry of light industry to establish the Ministry of light industry of the people's Republic of China. Qian Zhiguang was the Minister of the Ministry of light industry.

Before the merger with the three ministries, the central government organs implemented the system of transferring cadres to lower levels of labor. Considering that there are many technical cadres in the Ministry of textile industry, Qian Zhiguang, with the approval of the leaders of the State Council, has selected Hubei Anlu cotton textile mill, Xiangfan Hubei chemical fiber factory and Hunan Shaoyang No.2 Textile Machinery Factory as the points for cadres to be transferred to lower levels. In this way, the specialty of a large number of professional cadres can not be neglected, and it is also convenient for management and management Post job placement.

The ten-year turmoil has done serious harm to the textile industry, but the central government still attaches great importance to the textile industry because it is directly related to the clothing problem of the people of the whole country. Chairman Mao Zedong clearly instructed: "we must pay close attention to grain, cotton and cloth." When the three ministries were merged, Premier Zhou Enlai pointed out that "the whole country should focus on light industry, light industry should focus on textile industry, and textile industry should focus on chemical fiber". He also took a series of measures to stabilize the situation of textile industry. Most employees can stick to their posts and do their own work well in the turbulent situation. Therefore, despite the great damage, the production and construction work has not been completely stopped. In the complicated situation, the production and construction of textile industry has made some progress.

The first cotton yarn cotton production exceeds that of the United States

Ten years of turmoil, textile production ups and downs. When the interference is serious, production will decline; when the political situation is relatively stable, production will be relatively stable and rise. Overall, growth continued. In order to solve the supply of raw materials for the textile industry, the State Council held a national cotton conference in centralized cotton producing counties for several consecutive years from 1962 to 1979. Premier Zhou Enlai personally presided over the production of cotton and other cash crops, formulated relevant policies and measures, so as to keep the cotton output above 40 million tons in the past ten years. At the same time, the development of chemical fiber has also achieved results. The annual output of chemical fiber has increased greatly, and the raw materials for textile production are basically guaranteed.

In the textile industry system, Qian Zhiguang, regardless of the difficult situation, insisted on paying close attention to production. Every year, he held a meeting of directors of the Department of light industry (Textile) to discuss the arrangement of production work. Although sometimes the contradiction is very sharp, he still calmly deal with it. Several times a year, working groups (then known as the propaganda team of Mao Zedong Thought) were sent to various localities to grasp production, actively help regions and enterprises solve some key and difficult problems, so as to transform the production situation into a better direction. In 1969, the planned production of 10 million pieces of cotton yarn is an encouraging goal. The textile system is in the same heart, and has spent a lot of efforts to grasp and strive to achieve. By the end of the year, the output of cotton yarn will reach 9.94 million pieces, which is only 60000 pieces lower than the planned target. Qian Zhiguang said regretfully, "it's just a breath away." The next year (1970), after further efforts in various fields, the national cotton yarn production rose to 11.31 million pieces, surpassing the United States, which formerly ranked first in the world. Everyone was very happy. When Premier Zhou Enlai met snow, an American friend, for the first time, he announced that China's cotton yarn and cotton production ranked first in the world. This is the first important industrial product output statistics released by the state since 1959.

At that time, the textile and cotton yarn were firmly grasped, especially in the production of polyester and cotton blended fabrics. Around 1970, the production of T / C blended fabric in China was still in its infancy. The Ministry of textile arranged funds to add special equipment such as combing, high temperature and high pressure dyeing, heat setting and other special equipment to Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, Jiangsu, Shandong and other areas with good textile industry foundation, making cotton polyester textiles develop rapidly. In 1971, the national production of polyester and cotton was only 60 million meters, and by 1975 it was 510 million meters. It has become an important product for domestic market and export development.

Strategic breakthrough in the second chemical fiber industry

During the two or three decades after World War II, nylon, acrylic, polyester and other synthetic fibers developed rapidly due to their good quality, wide application and mature technology. All of these synthetic fibers are based on petroleum as the starting material, with high technical requirements for equipment, and increasingly large-scale plants. This is the common trend of the development of chemical fiber industry in the world, and the development of chemical fiber industry in China must also develop in this direction. However, before the 1970s, China did not have the conditions for large-scale development of petrochemical fibers. First, China's petroleum industry has a weak foundation and a small output, which can not meet the needs of the development of petrochemical industry; second, the equipment of large-scale petrochemical fiber has high technical requirements, and China has no strength to manufacture, so it must be imported from abroad in complete sets, and the international situation at that time did not allow it.

By the late 1960s and early 1970s, great changes had taken place in the international and domestic situation. The rapid development of Daqing Oilfield has greatly increased China's oil production. In 1971, China resumed its legal seat in the United Nations, and the rapid development of economic and trade cooperation in international relations provided conditions for the introduction of complete sets of advanced equipment. At this time, Qian Zhiguang lost no time to put forward the idea of importing complete sets of petroleum chemical fiber equipment.

On January 16, 1972, the State Planning Commission, together with the Ministry of light industry, the Ministry of fuel and chemical industry, the Ministry of Commerce and the Ministry of foreign affairs, made a report to Premier Zhou Enlai and Vice Premier Li Xiannian to introduce complete sets of chemical fiber and chemical equipment in order to make full use of China's oil and natural gas resources. On January 22, Li Xiannian, Hua Guofeng and Yu Qiuli signed a report on the introduction of complete sets of chemical fiber and chemical technology and equipment to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Premier Zhou Enlai quickly gave an instruction to "agree to the plan" and Chairman Mao Zedong quickly read it.

Qian Zhiguang was the Minister of the Ministry of light industry at that time, and his main energy was transferred to the construction of large-scale chemical fibers. A complete set of equipment import office has been set up in the Ministry of light industry, and vice minister Jiao Shanmin is also the director of the office. The top generals are deployed to promote the construction of chemical fiber.

The construction of "four major chemical fibers" is a decisive step and a milestone for the development of chemical fiber industry and even the whole textile industry. The "four major chemical fibers" include Shanghai Petrochemical General Plant, Liaoyang Petrochemical Fiber Plant, Tianjin Petrochemical Fiber Plant and Sichuan Vinylon plant. The total production capacity is 350000 tons of chemical fiber (180000 tons of polyester, 47000 tons of acrylic fiber, 45000 tons of nylon and 78000 tons of vinylon). The fibers produced by the four projects include several major synthetic fiber varieties. The chemical material production equipment in the first process is mainly imported complete equipment, while the chemical fiber spinning equipment and supporting public works in the later process are mainly domestic production equipment. The total investment is 7.3 billion yuan.

The equipment imported from these four projects has reached the advanced technology level in the world at that time. The scale of construction and the complexity of technology are unprecedented in the history of textile industry. At that time, in order to allocate the most important part of the capital construction project to the Ministry of industry, the most important part was allocated to the Ministry of industry. At that time, Qian Zhiguang was 72 years old and had just had a heart attack. Regardless of his old age and frailty, he never relaxed to the working silk. For example, he asked the leaders about the selection of the project site and the deployment of relevant technical personnel. In case of difficulties, they also personally came forward to coordinate and solve the problems quickly. At that time, it was the middle period of the "Cultural Revolution". The political struggle was very fierce, and the construction projects were often subject to various disturbances and impacts. However, due to the concern of the central leadership and the strong support of all parties, the progress was relatively smooth.

Among the four projects, the first to start construction is the Shanghai Petrochemical General Plant, which started construction on New Year's day in 1974 and was completed and put into operation in December 1978, which lasted for more than four years. Liaoyang Petrochemical Fiber Plant and Sichuan natural gas vinylon plant were started in August 1974 and completed in December 1981. Tianjin Petrochemical Fiber Factory was started in June 1977 and completed in August 1981. It is a miracle in the history of textile industry that such a large-scale, high-demand and complex technology construction project can be completed and put into operation in such a short time. The successful construction of these four projects has brought the development of chemical fiber to a new level, thus opening a new page in the development of textile industry.

Bringing order out of chaos and entering a new era of reform and opening up (1977-1985)

In 1976, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China smashed the gang of four in one fell swoop, ending a decade of turmoil, restoring normal order to the national economy, and entering a new stage of rapid development of the textile industry.

In December 1977, the central government decided to set up the Ministry of textile industry and the Ministry of light industry respectively. Qian Zhiguang was appointed Minister of the Ministry of textile industry and Secretary of the Party group. At this time, Qian Zhiguang was 78 years old. He continued to shoulder the heavy task of "solving the clothing problem of one billion people in China", and led the textile industry to move forward in the direction of reform and opening up, and made remarkable achievements in just a few years.

First, the rapid growth of textile production, the abolition of tickets, open supply

After the smashing of the gang of four, the CPC Central Committee decided to shift the focus of its work to economic construction and attached great importance to improving people's lives. Many policies and measures have been adopted to benefit the light and textile industry.

In the aspect of raw material development: on April 4, 1978, the State Council issued the notice on several policies and regulations on cotton production, which stipulated that: (1) ensure that cotton farmers can eat rations not lower than that of neighboring grain producing areas. (2) Since August 1, 1978, the purchase price of cotton has been raised, with an average increase of about 10% nationwide. After the adjustment of cotton purchase price, the factory sales price of cotton yarn and cloth will not change. The cost increase of textile industry should be solved by tax reduction. (3) We will raise the standards for cotton to reward and sell chemical fertilizers. Since the year of purchase in 1978, 80 Jin of fertilizer was awarded for every 100 Jin of roller cotton and 84 Jin of fertilizer for every 100 Jin of sawtooth cotton. Since 1979, 40% of the actual cotton sales in the previous year will be allocated to the previous year by the end of March and another 30% by the end of July, instead of according to the planned area. (4) Do a good job in cotton production base construction, and so on.

Since then, the State Development Planning Commission issued a notice on October 7 to increase the supply price of long staple cotton from November 1; on March 6, 1979, the State General Administration of prices and the general supply and Marketing Cooperative Association announced that the purchase price of cotton should be increased from the date of purchasing new cotton in 1979, with an average increase of 15.2% in the whole country. On April 3, 1979, the Federation of supply and marketing cooperatives announced that the price of cotton linter would be adjusted from September 1, 1979, with an average increase of 19.9%.

From December 17 to 21, 1979, the State Council held a national cotton production conference in Beijing. It was proposed that the national cotton production should reach or exceed the historical highest level in one or two years, and that the cotton production should be increased by 4 million tons per year. At the same time, the State Council has decided that since 1980, the purchase price of cotton will be increased by 10% on the basis of the price increase in 1979, and the policy of 30% over purchase will remain unchanged.

The implementation of the above policies has steadily increased the sown area of cotton field, the total cotton output and the purchase volume, which is a strong support for the development and production of textile industry.

In terms of industry itself: on April 20, 1978, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "draft decision on Several Issues Concerning Accelerating Industrial Development" (referred to as "30 articles on industry"), which was put on trial nationwide.

On May 25, 1979, the State Economic and Trade Commission issued the urgent notice on effectively ensuring the fuel, power, raw materials and transportation needed for the production of light and textile industry. On June 6, 1979, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of textile industry jointly issued a document, in order to speed up the development of the textile industry, decided to increase a part of special loans for small-scale technical measures to the textile industry.

On July 13, 1979, the State Council officially issued the regulations on expanding the autonomy of state-owned industrial enterprises in operation and management, the provisions on implementing profit retention in state-owned enterprises, the Interim Provisions on increasing the depreciation rate of fixed assets of state-owned industrial enterprises and improving the use method of depreciation fees, the Interim Provisions on levying fixed assets tax of state-owned industrial enterprises, and There are five documents, including the Interim Provisions on the implementation of full credit for working capital in industrial enterprises.

On January 8, 1980, the state decided to implement the principle of "six priorities" for the light and textile industry, so as to ensure the accelerated development of the light and textile industry. The six priorities are: priority in the supply of raw materials, fuel and electricity; priority in measures to tap potential and reform; priority in infrastructure; priority in bank loans; priority in foreign exchange and the introduction of new technologies; and priority in transportation.

In recent years, the state has increased investment in textile processing industry (except chemical fiber). In 1978, the investment in fixed assets was only 536 million yuan. In 1979, it was 807 million yuan. In the following years, it increased rapidly, from 2.03 billion yuan in 1980 to 2.524 billion yuan in 1981.

Qian Zhiguang made full use of these favorable conditions and held a meeting of directors of the national textile industry department every year to coordinate the relations among all parties, pay attention to the quality and varieties, summarize and popularize the advanced experience, and fully tap the production potential, so that the production of the textile industry has been continuously developed.

From 1978 to 1981, the average annual growth rate of the textile industry was over 18%. In 1981, the national cotton yarn production reached 17.63 million pieces, an increase of 33% over 1978. Cotton production reached 14.27 billion meters in 1981, an increase of 29% over 1978. In 1981, the national average cotton share was 14.26 meters. Compared with 1976, with the national population growth of 6.8%, the per capita cotton share increased by 4.8 meters. The supply of cotton cloth in the market is no longer short, but rather abundant. The conditions for canceling the distribution of tickets and implementing open supply are gradually mature.

Since 1954, China has implemented the method of ticket supply for cotton cloth. Under the condition of insufficient supply, this method can guarantee the most basic needs of the people's life and prevent unreasonable distribution and consumption, but it also brings restrictions and inconvenience to people's lives. For many years, the textile system, from top to bottom, has been doing its best to increase the production of more gauze and various textiles, creating conditions for open supply. In the early 1970s, when drawing up the outline of the long-term development plan, it was intended to put forward the goal of "Abolishing the distribution of tickets and opening up the supply"; however, a leader of the State Council said that this issue had a great impact, and it would be more appropriate to put it forward when the conditions were more mature. The state has been very careful in proposing this goal.

By the early 1980s, with the rapid growth of textile production, especially the rapid development of chemical fiber textiles, the relationship between supply and demand of textiles in urban and rural markets has changed: the total amount of textiles has been able to better meet the basic needs of the people. In December 1983, according to the joint proposal of the Ministry of textile industry and the Ministry of Commerce, the State Council decided to cancel the cloth ticket and open the supply of cotton cloth. This is an important landmark achievement made by the textile industry in solving the problem of people's clothing.

The rapid development of textile production not only meets the basic needs of people's life in quantity, but also has great development and improvement in variety, quality and color. People's clothes are becoming more and more colorful. As vice chairman Chen Jinguang and the former chairman of the CPPCC National Committee said, the five aspects of the basic necessities of the CPPCC National Committee and the people's livelihood are the best to be solved in the five aspects The "rich clothes" that the Chinese people have been looking forward to for thousands of years have finally come true during the reign of Qian Zhiguang.

Second, build the second batch of chemical fiber industrial bases

Under the direct leadership of Qian Zhiguang, the "four major chemical fiber" projects started in the early 1970s were about to be completed and put into operation. In 1978, the second batch of chemical fiber industrial bases were set up. The project of Yishan polyester fiber factory with an annual output of 18000 tons, including the project of Yishan polyester fiber factory with an annual output of 18000 tons and Shanghai Pingzi chemical fiber factory with an annual output of 18000 tons. The construction of the first two projects was postponed during the adjustment of the national economy, and was resumed with the approval of the State Council in 1981. The second phase project of Shanghai Petrochemical Company and the first branch of Yizheng Chemical fiber plant (with an annual output of 180000 tons of polyester fiber) were successively completed and put into operation in 1980s. Pingdingshan curtain fabric factory has good construction quality and fast construction progress. The whole project only took 18 months. It is the fastest and best construction project of textile system since 1970s. As a large number of chemical fiber backbone projects have been completed and put into operation, the national chemical fiber production capacity has increased significantly. In 1976, the national chemical fiber production capacity was 258000 tons; in 1981, it increased to 634000 tons, an increase of 1.45 times. With the second batch of chemical fiber industrial bases under construction, the national chemical fiber production capacity has reached 1 million tons, making a breakthrough. The leaders of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council are very concerned about the development of the chemical fiber industry. In the mid-1970s, Li Xiannian, vice premier of the State Council, instructed Qian Zhiguang to produce 1 million tons of chemical fiber. This goal was achieved in less than 10 years.

China's textile industry has become one of the world's leading countries in the development of textile industry The consumption of clothing and quilt has become one of the earliest and best solutions among the five livelihood problems of "clothing, food, housing, use and transportation" in China's society; textile industry has become an important industry in China's participation in economic globalization and a sector in China's real economy that creates the most international trade surplus. It is no accident that Qian Zhiguang was praised as an "economic master" by Song Ping!

Compilation group of Qian Zhiguang Zhuan

Zhang Yifang and Chen Guosong

Xue Qingshi, Wang lie, Wang Fucong

(this article is excerpted from Chapter 16 of Qian Zhiguang Zhuan, with deletion.)

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